Nonaccelerator Astroparticle Physics

The following sections are included:

• FOREWORD

• CONTENTS

We provide a short introduction to the Standard Model with an assessment of its enormous merits, but also its severe drawbacks. In particular we insist on this latter aspect trying to get possible hints of where new physics beyond the standard model may lie. We emphasize the importance of neutrino physics as the only clear piece of phenomenology showing the presence of new physics. We then turn to the most promising framework for new physics at the TeV scale: low energy supersymmetry. We shortly discuss some main features of it with some emphasis on the strategies to get some experimental supersymmetric signal in a hopefully not too distant future.

The solar neutrino problem is reviewed. The current status of the various neutrino oscillation and MSW solutions of the solar neutrino is discussed in detail. The analytic description of the matter-enhanced solar neutrino oscillations and transitions is also briefly reviewed.

This lecture will summarize past, present and future short baseline experiments. It will describe the CHORUS and NOMAD searches for ν_µ → ν_τ oscillations at CERN. The LSND positive result on and the KARMEN data on this reaction also will be discussed as well as the planned MiniBoone experiment at Fermilab on this same topic.

These lectures summarize past, present and future oscillation experiments using neutrino beams from nuclear reactors and accelerators and sensitive to Δm² < 0.01 eV². This is the region of oscillation parameters suggested by the observed deficits of solar ν_e and of atmospheric ν_μ.

The recent results from the Soudan 2, MACRO and SuperKamiokande experiments on atmospheric neutrino oscillations are summarized and discussed. Some features of possible future atmospheric neutrino experiments are presented.

Neutrinos have been and are abundantly produced in the Universe and neutrino astronomy provides very rich information either in astrophysics or in particle physics. The lectures given at the School focused on neutrinos as witnesses of the life of stars (solar neutrinos) and on neutrinos as messengers of the death of stars (supernovæ neutrinos). Since more than 30 years, solar neutrino experiments observe a significant deficit compared to the predictions of solar models. On one side, new experiments have been designed, many sophisticated checks have been performed. On the other side, solar models have been greatly improved and confronted to the severe constraints provided by helioseismology. The longstanding solar neutrino problem is now probably solved, after the beautiful SNO results in June 2001. For the first time, it seems that the observed deficit can be interpreted unambiguously as neutrino oscillation between ν_e produced in the core of the Sun and ν_μ. This important result is discussed and the expected experimental confirmations are presented. Supernovæ neutrinos (about 20 interactions) have been detected for the first time in February 1987. They were coming from SN1987A, the supernova issued from the death of a star in the Large Magellan Cloud. Since this, we are anxiously waiting for another supernova explosion either in our Galaxy or in a close galaxy. Detectors are ready, but models still suffer from problems and new data would provide us with helpful constraints.

Neutrino astronomy is one of the frontier of the high energy astrophysics. I discuss how to build a neutrino telescope and which requirements such a detector must fulfil. A measurable flux of astrophysical neutrinos is predicted by several models for a detector at the cubic kilometer scale. The way pursued until now in building such huge apparatuses is Cherenkov light detection in water or in ice. There have been attempts to build neutrino telescopes and also some projects are yet under construction or under way to start. This situation is reviewed and also techniques alternatives to the Cherenkov light detection are mentioned.

In these lectures we review particle candidates for non–baryonic dark matter, with particular emphasis for the neutralino. We discuss the main properties of this particle and present an overview of recent calculations of its relic abundance and of both direct and indirect detection rates in different supersymmetric schemes.

Search for the neutrino mass and for cold dark matter in the Universe are at present two of the most exiting fields of particle physics and cosmology. This lecture will restrict itself on the search for neutralinos as cold dark matter, and for the absolute scale of the masses of neutrinos, which are the favoured hot dark matter candidates.

Several experiments for the direct measurement of cosmic ray energy spectra and relative abundances of chemical elements are planned for the near future. We review here the scientific motivations and instrumental features of some of these space missions. Also experiments devoted to gamma ray observations that can provide essential information on cosmic ray origin, acceleration and propagation are breafly illustrated.

A general review of the physics of cosmic rays is presented, with particular regards to the range of extreme energies (above 10²⁰ eV). A description of some of the representative current and future experiments both ground and space based is given with an emphasis on this last class of detectors.

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Main optical solutions – Gaussian approximation

• Geometric Aberrations

• The telescopes of the '60s and '70

• The limits of optical figuring

• Large Fields of View

• Auxiliary Instrumentation

• Conclusions

• References

A brief overview of the space missions devoted to high energy astrophysics, which are part of the Italian and European Space Agency programmes and see a consistent involvement of the italian scientific community, is presented.

The study of γ rays is fundamental for our understanding of the universe: γ rays probe the most energetic phenomena occurring in nature, and several signatures of new physics are associated with the emission of γ rays. The main science objectives and the status of the new generation high-energy gamma-ray astrophysics experiments are presented.

Gravitational waves and their possible astrophysical sources are reviewed. The experiments in the data taking stage or in preparation, with resonant and non resonant detectors, are briefly outlined. Results obtained with the resonant detectors ALLEGRO, AURIGA, EXPLORER, NAUTILUS and NIOBE are given at a sensitivity level of h ~ 4 10^-19. Perspectives are indicated.

We review some of the recent experimental results obtained at high-energy colliders with emphasis on LEP and SLC results.

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Now and the immediate future

• The next decade (2010-2019)
  • Linear colliders
  • Muon colliders
  • Very large hadron colliders

• Visionary possibilities (2020 and beyond)
  • Plasma wakefield acceleration
  • Solid State Plasma Accelerators

• Summary

• Acknowledgement

• References

Some large underground detectors, currently in the building phase are summarized A particular emphasys is put on the ICARUS detector The 600 ton module is currently testing and will be installed soon in the Gran Sasso underground Laboratory.

In this note we shall briefly discuss the computing needs of future experiments. While the demands of the LHC experiments are very massive, also the demands of future non accelerator experiments are impressive.

Two afternoon Poster Sessions have been organized during the 6^th School. The Poster Sessions dealed with specific items of physics and astrophysics, experimental or theoretical. For each poster a short presentation was made, it was usually followed by a discussion. We collect here for each poster: the title, the list of authors, a short abstract and one relevant reference…

The following sections are included:

• LIST OF PARTICIPANTS