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Scaffold modelled using image-based Lattice Boltzmann method. LEFT: Calculated shear stress (SS). RIGHT: Soft tis-sue is subtracted using image processing. Images represent a 0.62 mm x 0.91 mm x 0.62 mm volume. In these images gray scale represents the poly-L-lactic acid fiber-mesh scaffold of 30 micrometre diameter, green color marks individual cells, yellow is soft tissue and red is calcification. The "cool" color map represents the fluid-induced surface SS for physiologically-relevant stress levels of > 0.1 g/cm s^2.

Novel and realistic simulation tool combining high resolution biomedical imaging and supercomputer computational fluid dynamics results in ability to model the exact hydrodynamic microenvironment experienced by cells cultured in bone tissue engineering scaffolds.

A team of researchers from the New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT) in Newark, NJ in collaboration with their colleagues from the University of Oklahoma (OU) in Norman, OK have demonstrated a novel image-based simulation approach consisting of Bone Tissue Engineering (BTE) experiments, micro-Computed Tomography (CT) sample scanning, "Virtual Histology" image segmentation, and Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) fluid dynamics which results in realistic simulations of BTE scaffolds cultured in flow perfusion bioreactors. Understanding the interplay between scaffold manufacturing parameters, culturing conditions and cell biology within the construct is necessary for transitioning regenerative medicine to a clinical setting. Although previous attempts have been made at modeling artificial tissue cultures, they were limited by oversimplifying assumptions, such as a uniform cell / tissue monolayer coverage of the scaffold's surface and idealized scaffold geometries. On the other hand, this novel and scalable technology can enable researchers to account for the realistic architectural non-idealities inherent to tissue engineering scaf-folds; as well as for the presence of cells / tissues in their pores. An additional advantage of our method is that it allows for correlating cell behavior and tissue growth with the flow physics occurring inside of complex 3D scaffold microenvironments. Moreover, such relationships can be tracked over time via modeling based on nondestructive repeated scanning. The report appears in the December 2016 issue of the journal TECHNOLOGY.

"By taking advantage of the exact spatio-temporal information provided by the high-resolution micro-CT imaging, this approach opens the door for transforming computer-assisted tissue engineering which is traditionally done based on virtual drawings of scaffolds and very little-to-no cross validation against experiment", says Professor Roman Voronov, Ph.D. of the New Jersey Institute of Technology and Principal Investigator of the paper. The manuscript offers a 'recipe' for the technology which culminated out of an over a decade-long ef-fort by the team working on the BTE-modeling problem. While the imaging aspect of their approach offers an unprecedented ability to detect and tell apart individual cells, soft tissues and calcification embedded within scaffold, the LBM is chosen for its ability to handle large-scale simulations (such as those resulting from the sub-micron voxel resolution shown here) and complex boundary conditions typical of the BTE scaffolds. And, although the presented results are meant to serve as proof-of-concept only, the demonstrated technology is not limited by sample size, since its algorithms are fully parallelizable for supercomputing.

Therefore, it is straight-forward to extend to full-scaffold models, with the only physical limitation being the micro-CT sample-chamber. However, those are typically much larger than the scaffolds.

"Moreover, in case repeated scanning is not possible, or not desirable, the number of scans required can be minimized by simply subtracting any bio-matter from an end-point image of a fully-cultured scaffolds. This would help to estimate the scaffold's initial geometry prior to the cell seeding.", said Taseen Alam of NJIT, the first author of the paper. Once this is done, the fluid flow patterns established within the initial empty scaffold can be correlated to the tissue growth observed in the end-point image. Finally, since the calculated results are overlaid onto the experimental images in 3D, the method itself serves as a direct comparison to the experiment. And any correlation obtained as a result of the image-based modeling can be subsequently tested by attempting predictions in samples previously-unencountered by the code.

The team is now working to further extend the technology by including molecular transport, which is rarely simulated by the conventional models. For example, distribution of O2 and nutrient/waste within the scaffold, transport of scaffold degradation byproducts whose acidic nature may be detrimental to the cells, and molecular signals between the cells could all be accounted for using the same image-based approach. In this way, a more complete picture of cell behavior in complex micro-environments can be generated.

Finally, application of this technology to driving BTE cultures by the computer, in real time and in a closed-loop manner, presents an exciting new direction for commercial deployment of the artificially grown tissues and organs in a hospital setting.

Additional co-authors of the TECHNOLOGY paper are Quang Long Pham from NJIT, Vassilios I. Si-kavitsas, Ph.D., Dimitrios V. Papavassiliou, Ph.D., and Robert L. Shambaugh, Ph.D., from the University of Oklahoma at Norman.

This work was funded by the Gustavus and Louise Pfeiffer Research Foundation and by National Science Foundation (NSF) under award number CBET-0700813.

Corresponding author for this study in TECHNOLOGY is Professor Roman Voronov, Ph.D., rvoronov@njit.edu.

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About TECHNOLOGY

Fashioned as a high-impact, high-visibility, top-echelon publication, this new ground-breaking journal - TECHNOLOGY - will feature the development of cutting-edge new technologies in a broad array of emerging fields of science and engineering. The content will have an applied science and technological slant with a focus on both innovation and application to daily lives. It will cover diverse disciplines such as health and life science, energy and environment, advanced materials, technology-based manufacturing, information science and technology, and marine and transportations technologies.

About World Scientific Publishing Co.

World Scientific Publishing is a leading independent publisher of books and journals for the scholarly, research, professional and educational communities. The company publishes about 600 books annually and about 140 journals in various fields. World Scientific collaborates with prestigious organisations like the Nobel Foundation and US National Academies Press to bring high quality academic and professional content to researchers and academics worldwide. To find out more about World Scientific, please visit www.worldscientific.com.