Governance Institutions and Economic Development

The following sections are included:

• Dedication
• Accreditation
• Foreword
• Preface
• Contents
• About the Author
• List of Figures
• List of Tables

The following sections are included:

• Economic Growth and Economic Development
• The Interventionist State and the Society
• Production and Distribution of Economic and Social Goods
• The Intervention in the Labor Market and Employment of Labor
• Consequences: Economic, Social and Political
• Bureaucratic Failure and Deadweight Loss
• Economic Growth
• Empowerment and Human Development
• Property Rights
• Gender-Based Institutions Affecting Women’s Employment
• Current Employment and Educational Status of Women and Girls
• Violence Against Women
• Why Is It Important for the State to Empower Women?
• Human Development
• Ultimate Objective of Economic and Human Development

A continuous rise in the rate of growth of a country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at stable prices provide policymakers with necessary monetary and non-monetary resources to implement various types of economic and social development programs designed to improve living conditions of the overwhelming majority of the country’s population. However, the important indicator of the growth in GDP is the rate of increase in per capita income, which is significantly influenced by the rate of population growth. For example, if we assume that the per capita income in India increased by 2 percent between 2013 and 2014, and the size of the population also increased by 2 percent during the same period, the growth in per capita income will make little improvement in the socio-economic status of Indian citizens…

While economists (Psacharopoulos, 1985, 1994; Pascharopoulos and Woodhall, 1985; Pascharopoulos and Patrinos, 2002) tend to argue that (i) the average return to education is higher than the expected return from the use of physical capital in economically poor countries than in economically rich countries, (ii) the contribution of primary education to income creation and poverty alleviation is quite perceptible and (iii) returns to primary, secondary and higher education tend to hover around 19 percent, 13 percent and 11 percent, respectively, with the research on social return to education primarily focusing on private economic return to education. But social rates of return to education, much of which flow to the social individual and the society at large in intangible form, are just as important as or even more important than the private economic rates of return to education particularly in countries with large population, pervasive poverty resulting from lack of proper education and employment, institutional failures including the breakdown of the governance institution as well as with the citizenry devoid of any knowledge of moral precepts and ethical values…

The following sections are included:

• Good Health in a Person’s Transitions to the State of Empowerment
• Economic Development, Health Care and Human Development
• Health Nutrition and TFP
• Effects of Lost “DALY” on Savings and Consumption
• Economic Poverty and Bad Health
• Expenditure on Health Care
• Achievements in Health Care: Principal Elements
• Women’s Reproductive Health and Children’s Health
• Non-Virtuous Allocation of Resources and Pareto Sub-Optimal Returns
• Nine Emerging Economies
• Following the Pareto-Optimality Criterion
• Education and Health Care in Total Social Service Expenditure
• Health Care InfraStructure and Management China
• Expenditure on Health Care
• Health Service Providers; Grassroot Barefoot Doctors
• Hospital, Clinics and Total Expenditure
• Japan
• India
• Accountability, Inefficiency and Corruption
• Economic Rationale
• Doctor Salaries, Average and Marginal Revenue Productivity (ARP and MRP)
• Korea
• Brazil
• Malaysia
• Singapore
• The Standard Determinant of the Quality of Health Care in Emerging States
• Concluding Remarks

The following sections are included:

• Population Growth, Economic Growth and Human Development: Interrelationship
• Decadal Change in Population
• Family Size — A Rational Economic Decision
• Role of Governance
• Human Capital-Induced Population, Economic Growth and Employment
• Optimum and Maximum Levels of Employment
• A Brief Commentary
• Current State of Employment
• Skill as a Constraint in Enterprises’ Performance
• Unemployment by Educational Standards
• Vulnerable Employment
• Children’s Status in Employment
• Minimum Wage

The following sections are included:

• The Concept of Empowerment
• Labor’s Employment and Empowerment
• Labor in Gandhi and Young Marx
• The US–China Trade Imbalance and the Export of American Jobs
• Becker Unitary Model of Income Allocation
• Extension of Becker Model to a Country and to Its Provinces
• Becker’s (1973, 1974) Unitary Model of Intra-Household Utility (Income) Allocation
• Becker’s Altruistic Dictators
• Application of Becker’s Model to Nation States
• Legitimacy Acquisition
• Governance Heads: Becker’s Altruistic Dictators: China and East Asia
• Japan
• Utility Allocation by the Altruistic Dictator
• Legitimacy Acquisition
• Confederate India: Essential Traits of Political Governance
• Legitimacy to Govern for Empowerment of Citizens in India
• DUP Activities, Rent-Seeking Practices and Empowerment in India
• Rent Seeking Among Private Citizens; Leaders of Business and Groups of Ruffians
• Brazil
• Corruption, Rent Seeking in China and East Asia
• Malaysia, Indonesia and Vietnam
• Vietnam
• Japan, Korea and Singapore
• Bengal Province and India
• Pareto Optimality in Financial Resource Allocation
• Accrual of Rent from Economic Transaction
• Theoretical Analysis of Rent-Seeking Activities
• The Term “Empowerment”
• Development State
• Features of a Developmental State
• Mental Unfreedom (Poverty)
• Economic Unfreedom
• Gender-Based Discrimination in China and India
• India
• Land Ownership Rights
• Violence Against Women
• Japan
• Brazil and Other Emerging Economies
• Korea
• Indonesia
• Thailand
• Malaysia
• Vietnam
• Polygamy: Passing Comments
• Population in Villages and Towns
• The Issue of Missing Girls and Women
• The Number of Missing Women and Girls
• Other Estimates and The World Bank Estimate
• Dowry-Related Deaths
• The Direction of the State’s Action to Empower Its Citizens
• Do Women Want to Be Empowered?
• Tribal Women’s Freedom in Rural Hinterland vs. Non-Tribal Economically Non-Poor Women’s Unfreedom in Urban Land

The following sections are included:

• Introduction
• The Enabling Fiscal Governance Regime
• Budgets in Federal States
• Current Account Surplus or Deficit of Emerging Central Governments
• Liabilities, Interest Payments and Public Transfers
• Prudentiality Test of National Budgets
• The Final Requirement
• Identification of Savings
• Consumption Expenditure of the Central Government
• Enabling Monetary Governance Regime
• Interest Rate: The Wrong Target!
• Monetary Situation in Emerging Countries: Main Features
• Discount Rate and Real Interest Rate
• Rational Expectation and Irrational Behavior
• Recession to Recovery Factors Signaling the End of Recession
• Governance Regimes in Emerging Countries
• Political and Environmental Governance: Democracy vs. Autocracy
• The Constitutional Validity of India’s Democracy
• Appropriateness of Democratic Governance in Poor Countries
• The Most Corrupt Countries in the World
• Becker and Posner on Democracy vs. Autocracy
• Main Factors in Carbon Dioxide Emission
• Exports and Carbon Dioxide Emissions
• Automobile Emissions
• Deforestation
• Lowering the Level of Pollution
• A Case of Political Governance Failure

The following sections are included:

• Introduction
• Long-Term View of Material Happiness
• Caste-Based Social Status, Unfreedom and Unhappiness in India
• Birth Status, Marital Status, Unfreedom and Unhappiness
• Rationalizing Irrational Behavior to Achieve Happiness
• Gandhi’s View on Poverty; Human Happiness and Freedom
• The Essence of Gandhi’s Plan for Non-Violent Development
• Is the Task of Employing People in the Production of Physical and Service Based Easy? Schumacher on Labor and Employment
• The Formative Stage of Development of Sen’s Philosophy
• Sen on Poverty, Happiness and Freedom
• Going Back to Gandhi
• Serious Implication of the Acceptance of “Easy Way Path”
• More on Political Democracy and Economic Freedom
• Perceptions of Human Happiness and Freedom
• Supreme Happiness, Supreme Freedom and Development
• Gandhi’s Development Philosophy
• Supreme Happiness and Supreme Freedom

The following sections are included:

• The Experimental Developmental States: China, India, East Asia and Brazil
• The Enabling Governance of Health Care
• Hegemony
• India’s Foreign Policy: Historical Failure
• China Created and Maintained Trade Surplus and the Global Recession
• Real Causes of Recession
• China and India as a Joint Force in the Global Community
• Requirements and Reasons for Such a Treaty to Eventuate?

The following sections are included:

• References
• Index