From Particles to the Universe

The following sections are included:

• PREFACE

• CONTENTS

One of the most important consequences of the Theory of General Relativity is the concept of gravitational waves. As we enter the new millennium, a new generation of detectors sensitive enough to directly detect such waves will become operational. Detectable events could originate from a variety of catastrophic events in the distant universe, such as the gravitational collapse of stars or the coalescence of compact binary systems. In these two lectures, I discuss both the astrophysical sources of gravitational waves and the detection technique and challenges using suspended mass interferometry. Finally, I summarize the status and plans for the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) and the other large new detectors.

Nuclear astrophysics utilizes the basic concepts of nuclear physics and astrophysics to relate the observed abundances of the nuclides to the processes that synthesize them. This approach has produced an understanding of the properties stars must have at each stage of their evolution in order to perform the nucleosynthesis ascribed to them. Because the nuclei to which experimental nuclear physicists had access in the past were either stable or nearly so, the stellar processes that were well studied tended to be those that operated slowly, i.e., at relatively low temperatures, and hence within the stable or long-lived nuclei. However, nature has never been constrained to the nuclei near the valley of stability. Thus the advent of radioactive nuclear beams has greatly increased the nuclei and, hence, the stellar processes, available for study. These involve short-lived nuclei which may have occurred both during big bang nucleosynthesis and in high-temperature stellar processes. Thus, with the exception of a few long-standing problems, the nuclear astrophysics of the next millenium would be expected to expand to the high-temperature, and often explosive, conditions in which short-lived nuclei dominate the processes that occur. This treatise provides some background on the topics that are traditional to nuclear astrophysics, then refers to existing textbooks and review articles for additional detail. This is in the interest of devoting a significant fraction of the discussion to modern topics in nuclear astrophysics. It is hoped that this approach will give a sample both of the field's history and of its near-future directions.

The physics programme is summarized for future hadron and lepton colliders, the LHC and prospective e⁺e^- linear colliders. These machines will allow us to perform precision studies of the top quark and the electroweak gauge bosons in a complementary way. The Higgs boson can be discovered at the LHC within the entire range of canonical mass values. Lepton colliders are ideal instruments to investigate the properties of the Higgs boson and to establish essential elements of the Higgs mechanism as the fundamental mechanism for breaking the electroweak symmetries. In the area beyond the Standard Model, new particles and their interactions can be discovered and explored comprehensively. Supersymmetric particles can be searched for at the LHC with masses up to 2-3 TeV. Their properties can be determined at lepton colliders with very high precision so that the mechanism of supersymmetry breaking can be investigated experimentally and the underlying unified theory can be reconstructed. Stable extrapolations are possible up to scales near the Planck mass.

We have evaluated the deviations of the measured decay rates from that predicted using the factorization model for a set of D and B decays. A linear relation is observed between the factorization scale and the relative final state velocity. This relation is used to calculate which produced a good fit to the experimental values in both the D and B systems.

We review recent studies of CP violation and rare decays in the b-sector performed with the CDF detector at the Fermilab Tevatron Collider operating at . Using a sample of approximately 400 and three different flavor tagging algorithms for the identification of the meson type at production, CDF determines a value for the CP asymmetry parameter sin2β of consistent with the Standard Model predictions. Other results on rare b-decays are reported, and a discussion of future b-physics measurements in Run II is included.

Precise measurements of the intensities for superallowed Fermi 0⁺ → 0⁺ β-decays have provided a demanding test of the CVC hypothesis at the level of 3 × 10^-4 and also led to a result in disagreement with unitarity (at the 98% confidence level) for the CKM matrix. Since this result would have profound implications for the minimal Standard Model it is essential to address possible "trivial" explanations for this apparent non-unitarity, such as uncertainties in the theoretical isospin symmetry-breaking correction. At ISAC we are pursuing a program to study the T_z = 0 (odd-odd) emitters with A ≥ 62 where this correction is predicted to be large and readily tested. Precise lifetime measurements for ^38mK and ³⁷K, the first beams from ISAC have already been completed and the initial study of ⁷⁴Rb was carried out in August 1999 when a 10 µA beam of 500 MeV protons was used to produce ~ 5000 ⁷⁴Rb ions/s; a world record. The results of these first experiments at ISAC are presented.

The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory opens the possibility of exploring the "simple" vacuum of the early universe where quarks are not confined to color neutral bags and chirality is a good symmetry. In this talk¹ I discuss PHENIX's capabilities to experimentally probe deconfinement with heavy quark bound state suppression and chirality with light vector mesons.

Using data recorded at centre–of–mass energies around 183 GeV and 189 GeV with the OPAL detector at LEP, the ratio has been measured from jet properties, lifetime information, and leptons produced in charm decays. A value compatible with the Standard Model expectation of 0.5 is obtained: . By combining this result with measurements of the W boson total width and hadronic branching ratio, the magnitude of the CKM matrix element |V_cs| is determined to be |V_cs| = 0.955 ± 0.057.

Two recent analyses by CLEO are presented. The first gives a measurement of the vector and pseudoscalar production ratio for the D_s system which yields a value lower than naive expectations. The second gives improved limits for mixing by using hadronic decays.

After four years of taking data above the e⁺e^- → W⁺W^- production threshold, the four LEP experiments, ALEPH, DELPHI, L3, and OPAL, have collected a combined ~2000 pb^-1 of data and the preliminary measurement of M_W is now seen to be systematically limited:

In inclusive and semi-inclusive deep-inelastic lepton-nucleon scattering Λ and polarization were investigated by the HERMES experiment. The longitudinal spin-transfer of the Λ⁰ hyperon has been measured to be and is consistent with zero. Additionally, a transverse component has been determined using inclusive Λ and . For the Λ⁰ the result is P_nΛ = 6.6 ± 1.1(stat) ± 2.5(syst) and for the it is .

A technique has been developed for the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory(SNO), where each component of the background in the D₂O and H₂O can be measured. The technique relies on a proportional counter (PCS) which acts both as a detector as well as a source. If various sources such as ²²⁸Th are placed on the anode of the proportional counter, the beta-decay is tagged by the PCS, and the Čerenkov radiation that is produced is detected by SNO. The method aims to make a background and distortion free measurement of the NHIT spectrum of each source in SNO. This report briefly introduces SNO, and describes the use of the PCS in SNO.

The recent upgrades of the LEP accelerator have lead to new opportunities to test the consistency of both perturbative and non-perturbative expectations of QCD with the data at these high centre of mass energies. The determinations of the strong coupling constant α_s(195GeV) = 0.103 ± 0.002 ± 0.005 and α_s(201GeV) = 0.104 ± 0.002 ± 0.004 have been made. These values allow us to demonstrate the running of the strong coupling constant up to a scale of 201 GeV. We also test QCD predictions for the evolution of the charged particle multiplicity and momentum spectra with increasing centre of mass energy.

We have investigated the effect of the isospin ½, J^P = 0⁺ resonant state on the decays and as a function of the branching ratio sum and coupling constants , . We have used a factorized input for weak transition through a πK loop. We estimated both on- and off-shell contributions from the loop. Our calculation shows that the off-shell effects are significant. For r ≥ 30% a fit to the decay amplitude was possible, but the amplitude remained at its factorized value. For small values of r, r ≤ 18%, we were able to fit , and despite the fact that could be raised by almost 100% over its factorized value, it still falls short of its experimental value. A simultaneous fit to both amplitudes and was not possible.

In this talk we propose a mechanism through which large-scale magnetic fields with correlation lengths of 100 kpc may be formed. We suggest that these arise from primordial seed fields formed at the QCD phase transition where domain walls generate fields with Hubble scale correlations. Strong CP violation along the domain walls induces a non-zero helicity which allows these fields to propagate via an inverse-cascade to produce the 100 kpc correlations today.

In this talk, I (AF) report the findings of our study of scattering and capture of circular cosmic strings by a Schwarzschild black hole¹ in a coaxial head-on collision, as illustrated in Fig. 1…

The subject of this talk is the formation of induced θ-vacuum states in heavy ion collisions. We tested this idea numerically in a simple model where we studied the evolution of the phases of the chiral condensates in QCD with two quark flavors and with non-zero θ^ind-parameter. We found formation of a non-zero θ^ind-vacuum with a formation time of the order of 10^-23 seconds.

The ⁷Be(p, γ)⁸B reaction is one of the major source of uncertainties in estimating the ⁸B solar neutrino flux and is critical for understanding the Solar Neutrino Problem and neutrinos. The main source of uncertainty is the existence of conflicting data with different absolute normalization. Attempts to measure this reaction rate with ⁷Be beams are under way by the UConn-LLN collaboration, and we discuss a newly emerging method to extract this cross section from the Coulomb dissociation of the radioactive beam of ⁸B. We discuss some of the issues relevant for this study including the question of the E2 contribution to the Coulomb dissociation process which was measured to be small. The Coulomb dissociation appears to provide a viable alternative method for measuring the ⁷Be(p, γ)⁸B reaction rate, with a weighted average of the RIKEN1, RIKEN2 and GSI1 published results of S₁₇(0) = 19.4 ± 1.3 eV-b.

Searches for physics beyond the Standard Model (SM) have been carried out at the ZEUS and H1 experiments at the HERA ep collider. Results from searches of the positron-proton data taken between 1994-1997 at a centre of mass energy for excited fermions, leptoquarks, R-parity violating supersymmetry and contact interactions are summarized. Preliminary results of searches for exotica, in the 1998-1999 electron-proton collisions are also presented.

A brief review of the L3 results on the measurement of W and Z boson couplings is given. Different final states are used to study different types of boson couplings: 1) Double and single W boson production to measure triple-gauge-boson couplings of the W; 2) Z_γ and ZZ production to study anomalous triple couplings between neutral gauge bosons; 3) e⁺e^- → Z_γγ process to determine quartic gauge boson couplings. The presented results are based on the data collected with the L3 detector at LEP in 1998 and 1999 at centre-of-mass energies from 189 GeV up to 202 GeV.

We discuss the strategy of searches for new physics at Run II of the Fermilab Tevatron. Emphasis is made on the final-state oriented searches. Recent developments in triggering on isolated tracks are discussed in this context.

Measurements of jet production cross sections in photoproduction and neutral-current (NC) deep inelastic ep scattering (DIS) at high Q² (where Q² is the virtuality of the exchanged boson) provide a powerful handle to test the underlying hard quark and gluon interactions at small distance scales. Inclusive cross sections show no significant deviation from the next-to-leading order (NLO) QCD calculations. Dijet measurements in DIS allow the determination of the strong coupling constant α_s, while in photoproduction they give a closer insight of the photon structure function.

This article describes the key points of the chargino search at LEP, when the mass difference between the chargino and the LSP is between a few hundred Me and a few GeV. DELPHI results for up to 189 GeV and preliminary L3 results for up to 202 GeV are given.

Charmless hadronic B meson decays have been studied with the CLEO experiment. Recent results with the first gluonic penguin decay observations B → πK and η'K along with B → ηK* are discussed. The puzzle of large B → η'K decay rate is examined. The first hadronic b → u transitions have been observed in the decays B → πω, πρ and ππ. We also review the first search for direct CP violation in rare B decays.

A search for Higgs boson production in e⁺e^- collisions is performed by the four experiments at the Large Electron Positron collider (LEP). Approximately 900 pb^-1 of data collected at center of mass energies up to are analyzed. Events compatible with e⁺e^- → HZ → ffff are selected and compared to the Standard Model (SM) background prediction. No evidence for SM Higgs boson production is found so far. A preliminary lower limit on its mass is set at 107.7 GeV.

The role of the (dynamical) dilaton in the vortices associated with the spontaneous breaking of an anomalous U(1) from heterotic string theory is examined. We demonstrate how the anomaly (and the coupling to the dilaton-axion) can appear in the Lagrangian and associated field equations as a controlled perturbation about the standard Nielsen-Olesen equations. In such a picture, the additional field equation for the dilaton becomes a series of corrections to a constant dilaton VEV as the anomaly is turned on. In particular we find that even the first non-trivial correction to a constant dilaton genetically leads to a (positive) logarithmic divergence of the heterotic dilaton near the vortex core. Since the dilaton field governs the strength of quantum fluctuations in string theory, this runaway behavior implies that anomalous U(1) vortices in string theory are intrinsically quantum mechanical objects.

Recently 2+1 dimensional gravity theory, especially AdS₃ has been studied extensively ^1,2. It was shown to be equivalent to the 2+1 Chern-Simon theory ³ and has been investigated to understand the black hole thermodynamics, i.e. Hawking temperature ⁴ and others. The purpose of this report is to investigate the canonical formalism of the original 2+1 Einstein gravity theory instead of the Chern-Simon theory. For the spherically symmetric space-time, local conserved quantities (local mass and angular momentum) are introduced and using them canonical quantum theory is defined. Constraints are imposed on state vectors and solved analytically. The strategy to obtain the solution follows our previous work ⁵.

The LEP2 accelerator has provided a large sample of W bosons in e⁺e^- collisions at center-of-mass energies up to 200 GeV. This data has enabled detailed studies of W bosons and comparisons of their observed properties with theoretical expectations. This talk will concentrate on the electroweak coupling of W bosons, in particular the parameters describing the coupling of W bosons to the neutral gauge bosons γ and Z⁰. The implications of the measured W boson mass for the mass of the Higgs boson in the Standard Model will also be discussed.

Polarized proton collisions with up to are planned at Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) in Brookhaven National Laboratory. The commissioning of the polarized proton acceleration up to 100 GeV/c will be done in year 2000 and the first collision at will be realized in 2001. It is expected that RHIC will open up a way to explore poorly known gluon and flavor identified sea-quark polarization in the proton. Some of the important spin physics processes and sensitivity of PHENIX measurements will be discussed.

An analysis of photonic events with missing energy is presented, using data collected at with the OPAL detector at LEP. New-physics searches are performed which have applicability to several models, including supersymmetry, compositeness, and a special class of string theories that postulate additional space dimensions. Standard Model measurements are performed as well; these include cross-section measurements as well as a measurement of the number of light neutrino species and the level of charged-current interactions.

We present the initial performance of the BaBar Experiment, as of April 2000. The PEP-II machine has reached a peak instantaneous luminosity of 1.95 × 10³³ cm^-2 s^-1 and delivered an integrated luminosity of 7 fb^-1 in the first 11 months of operation, of which 6.5 fb^-1 has been logged by the BaBar experiment. This large data set has allowed us to study the performance of our detector in great detail and develop our physics analysis tools. The initial performance of each major detector subsystem is reviewed. We conclude with some preliminary analysis results and projections.

The spin-down power of an isolated neutron star can drive its central density increase and overall structural changes, and trigger a quark–hadron phase transition. A series of observational signatures may be seen as a result of the phase transition, including pulsar spin-down and glitch behaviors, Soft Gamma Repeaters or Gamma-Ray Bursts.

I discuss some theoretical ideas concerning the representation of quantum gravity as a Lorentz-symmetry-violating 'medium' with non-trivial optical properties, which include a refractive index in 'vacuo' and stochastic effects associated with a spread in the arrival times of photons, growing linearly with the photon energy. Some of these properties may be experimentally detectable in future satellite facilities (e.g. GLAST or AMS), using as probes light from distant astrophysical sources such as gamma ray bursters. I also argue that such linear violations of Lorentz symmetry may not always be constrained by ultra-high-energy cosmic-ray data, as seems to be the case with a specific (stringy) model of space-time foam.

The differential cross section and double–spin cross section asymmetries for exclusive ρ⁰ production in lepton–nucleon scattering have been measured at the HERMES experiment. The longitudinally polarised 27.56 GeV HERA positron beam was scattered off a longitudinally polarised pure hydrogen gas target. The average invariant mass of the photon-nucleon system has a value 〈W²〉 = 24 GeV², a kinematic domain where the steep decrease of the cross section at lower W changes into an almost flat W dependence. A positive longitudinal double-spin asymmetry in the cross section for exclusive ρ⁰(770) production was observed.

Due to the high energy and luminosity of the LHC, the ATLAS experiment has a huge discovery potential for new physics. A Standard Model Higgs boson can be discovered over the full range of allowed masses, and its mass should be measured with a precision of about 0.1%. The Higgs sector of the MSSM should be fully explored by searches for supersymmetric Higgs bosons. Squarks and gluinos can be discovered up to masses of 2.5 TeV and several precision measurements can be performed in the SUSY sector. The existence of particles predicted by other theories beyond the Standard Model has also been investigated.

The Higgs boson searches in models beyond the Standard Model (SM) and the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) in e⁺e^- collisions at LEP, are reviewed. The decays of neutral Higgs bosons to pairs of photons or invisible particles as well as the charged Higgs boson decays are outlined. The results reported in this article are obtained including the 1999 data recorded at centre-of-mass energies up to 202 GeV.

The measurements of the trilinear gauge boson couplings WW_γ and WWZ are presented from data taken by the DELPHI experiment at LEP in 1998 at a center-of-mass collision energy of 189 GeV. These couplings are the direct consequences of the non-abelian structure of the gauge symmetry. There are several process in which these couplings are involved in e⁺e collisions at LEP-2 energies; for each of these processes a particular event selection is used. The selected events are then used to constrain the values of the parameters of an effective lagrangian containing each possible deviation from the Standard Model form of these couplings. The results are in good agreement with the Standard Model predictions.

We study non-topological solitons of the Q-ball type in different spatial dimensions. We consider the possibility of string-like or wall-like configurations in 3 dimensions and we discuss their energetics.

The KEK B-factory has been commissioned since December 1998. The BELLE detector for the KEK B-factory was installed in May and started taking data since June 1999. We recorded 0.85fb^-1 luminosity by the BELLE detector and maximum peak luminosity has been achieved to 1.03 × 10³³cm^-2s^-1. Here the status of the KEKB and beam background effect to the BELLE detector is reported.

In this paper, we study the parametric resonance decay of homogeneous complex scalar fields and demonstrate how the complex case may be mapped onto an equivalent real case with shifted parameters. We also explore the consequences of the complex field case as they apply to inflationary cosmology.

The CDF and DØ experiments have both collected large samples of W and Z bosons with the last Tevatron collider run (1995-1996) using collisions at . We present the results of QCD studies with vector bosons that cover a large range of transverse momentum space, p_T, making this a testing ground for both perturbative and non-perturbative QCD. The measurements of the W and Z cross section, their width, the W and Z transverse momentum distribution and the angular distribution of electrons in W decays are described in this paper.

The neutral Higgs bosons of the MSSM have been searched for at LEP2 by the four LEP experiments in data collected at centre-of-mass energies up to . As no evidence for any signal is found, limits at 95% confidence level are set on the Higgs masses and the supersymmetric parameter tan β.

We describe the process by which |V_cb| can be extracted from B → D*ℓν_ℓ decays. We present a preliminary CLEO measurement of the B → D*ℓν_ℓ branching fraction of 5.84 ± 0.34 ± 0.64%, where the first error is statistical and the second error is systematic.

The Tevatron collider is the only accelerator capable of creating the massive top quark. The collider experiments are studying this unique particle in great detail. The production and decay properties of the top quark are being examined in many of the decay channels. Although the sample sizes are small, excellent measurements of the top quark properties have been made. The highlight of the studies is the measurement of the top quark mass and production cross section. However, a number of detailed studies of the top quarks properties have recently been finalized. In this paper, we briefly review the past results and focus on recent analysis such as the search for single top quark production.

Strangeness production is a key measurement in the search for the Quark-Gluon Plasma. The capabilities of the STAR TPC to measure strangeness production in relativistic heavy ion collisions are discussed. A brief overview of the detector is given along with the primary physics goals of STAR, followed by a short introduction to strangeness physics and goals for the first year of running. STAR will be able to measure Λ, , K⁺, K^-, , ɸ, Ξ^-, and production from the first year of data.

For any new physics possibly emerging in the future B experiments, the problem is how to extract the signals from the standard model background. We consider the decay which is very small in the standard model. A typical candidate for the suggested search is the B^- → K^-K^-nπ mode.

The following sections are included:

• LIST OF PARTICIPANTS