Handbook of Thermoluminescence

The following sections are included:

• PREFACE

• CONTENTS

The following sections are included:

• Accuracy (definition)

• Activation energy (definition and properties)
  • References

• Activator

• Adirovitch model
  • Reference

• Afterglow
  • References

• Aluminium oxide (Al₂O₃)
  • References

• Annealing (definition)
  • References

• Annealing (general considerations)
  • References

• Annealing procedures
  • References

• Anomalous fading
  • References

• Anomalous thermal fading

• Area measurement methods (generality)

• Area measurement method (Maxia et al.)
  • References

• Area measurement methods (May and Partridge: general order)
  • Reference

• Area measurement methods (Muntoni et al.: general order)
  • Reference

• Area measurement method (Moharil: general order)
  • References

• Area measurement method (Moharil: general order, s =s(T))
  • Reference

• Area measurement method (Rasheedy: general order)
  • Reference

• Arrhenius equation
  • Reference

• Assessment of random uncertainties in precision of TL measurements (general)
  • References

• Atomic number (calculation)
  • Reference

The following sections are included:

• Basic equation of radiation dosimetry by thermoluminescence

• Batch of TLDs

• Braunlich-Scharman model
  • Reference

The following sections are included:

• Calcium fluoride (CaF₂)
  • Reference

• Calibration factor F_c (definition)

• Calibration factor F_c (procedures)

• Calibration procedure for a batch of TLDs

• Competition
  • References

• Competitors

• Computerised glow curve deconvolution (CGCD): Kitis' expressions
  • References

• Condition at the maximum (first order)

• Condition at the maximum (first order): remarks

• Condition at the maximum (general order)

• Condition at the maximum (second order)

• Condition at the maximum when s′ = s′(T) (second-order kinetics)

• Condition at the maximum when s″ = s′(T) (general-order kinetics)

• Condition at the maximum when s = s(T) (first-order kinetics)

• Considerations on the heating rate
  • References

• Considerations on the methods for determining E
  • References

• Considerations on the symmetry factor, μ, and the order of kinetics, b
  • References

• Correction factor for the beam quality, F_en (general)

• Curve fitting method (Kirsh: general order)
  • References

• CVD diamond
  • References

The following sections are included:

• Defects
  • The intrinsic or native defects
  • Extrinsic or impurity defects, like chemical impurities Y in a crystal X
  • Ionizing radiation produces further defects in alkali halides

• Delocalized bands

• Determination of the dose by thermoluminescence

• Dihalides phosphors
  • References

• Dosimeter's background or zero dose reading (definition)

• Dosemeter's background or zero dose reading (procedure)

• Dosimetric peak

• Dosimetric trap

The following sections are included:

• Effect of temperature lag on trapping parameters
  • References

• Energy dependence (procedure)

• Environmental dose rate (calculation)

• Environmental dose rate (correction factors)
  • Correction in the fading experiment
  • Correction in the environmental measurement
  • Correction of the sensitivity factor, α

• Erasing treatment

• Error sources in TLD measurements
  • Sources of error due to the dosimeter
  • Errors generated in the reader
  • Errors due to the annealing procedures
  • Reference

• Exponential heating function (EHF)
  • References

The following sections are included:

• Fading (theoretical aspects)
  • Expressions related to different situations
    • Instantaneous irradiation
    • Continuous irradiation
    • Instantaneous initial irradiation
    • Continuous irradiation
    • Instantaneous initial irradiation followed by a continuous background during storage
    • Long irradiation during storage under continuous background irradiation
  • References

• Fading factor

• A fading based method for cheeking the presence of closely overlapping peaks in thermoluminescent (TL) materials
  • References

• Fading: useful expressions
  • Discussion of some practical situations
    • Initial and instantaneous irradiation followed by fading at room temperature
    • Initial but not instantaneous irradiation, followed by fading at room temperature
    • The irradiation is carried out over all the experimental period
    • An initial and short irradiation is superposed to a background irradiation

• First-order kinetics when s = s(T)
  • References

• Fluorescence

• Fluorapatite (Ca₅F(PO₄)₃)
  • References

• Frequency factor, s
  • References

• Frequency factor, s (errors in its determination)

• Frequency factor and pre-exponential factor expressions
  • References

The following sections are included:

• Garlick-Gibson model (second-order kinetics)
  • Reference

• General characteristics of first and second order glow-peaks
  • First order peaks
  • Second order peaks
  • Reference

• General-order kinetics when s″ = s″(T)
  • References

• Geometrical characteristics of a single peak
  • Reference

• Glow curve

• Glow peak parameters
  • Reference

The following sections are included:

• Heating rate effects
  • References

• Heating rate effects on thermoluminescence of BaSO₄:Eu+PTFE
  • References

The following sections are included:

• In-vivo dosimetry (dose calibration factors)
  • Entrance dose calibration factor
  • Exit dose calibration factor

• Inflection points method (Land: first order)
  • Reference

• Inflection points method (Singh et al.: general order)
  • Reference

• Initial rise method
  • Reference

• Initial rise method when s =s(T) (Aramu et al.)
  • Reference

• Initialisation procedure
  • References

• Integral approximation

• Integral approximation when s =s(T)

• Interactive traps

• Isothermal decay method (Garlick-Gibson: first order)
  • Reference

• Isothermal decay method (general)

• Isothermal decay method (May-Partridge: (a) general order)
  • Reference

• Isothermal decay method (May and Partridge: (b) general order)
  • Reference

• Isothermal decay method (Moharil: general order)
  • References

• Isothermal decay method (Takeuchi et al.: general order)
  • Reference

• Isothermal decay method: a new approach

The following sections are included:

• Keating method (first-order, s = s(T))
  • References

• Killer centres

• Kinetic parameters determination: observations
  • References

• Kinetics order: effects on the glow-curve shape

The following sections are included:

• Light transmission of semi-transparent dosemeter

• Linearisation factor, F_lin (general requirements for linearity)
  • References

• Linearity (procedure)
  • Reference

• Linearity test (procedure)
  • Reference

• Lithium borate (Li₂B₄O₇)
  • References

• Lithium fluoride family (LiF)
  • References

• Localized energy levels

• Lower detection limit (D_ldl)

• Luminescence (general)
  • References

• Luminescence (thermal stimulation)
  • References

• Luminescence centres

• Luminescence dosimetric techniques

• Luminescence dosimetry

• Luminescence efficiency

• Luminescence phenomena

The following sections are included:

• Magnesium borate (MgO × nB₂O₃)
  • References

• Magnesium fluoride (MgF₂)
  • References

• Magnesium orthosilicate (Mg₂SiO₄)
  • References

• May–Partridge model (general order kinetics)
  • Reference

• McKeever method
  • Reference

• Mean and half-life of a trap
  • References

• Metastable state

• Method based on the temperature at the maximum (Randall-Wilkins)
  • Reference

• Method based on the temperature at the maximum (Urbach)
  • Reference

• Methods for checking the linearity
  • graphical method
  • UNI, IEC and IAEA methods
  • regression analysis
  • analysis of variance
  • References

• Model of non-ideal heat transfer in TL measurements
  • References

• Multi-hit or multi-stage reaction models
  • References

The following sections are included:

• Non linearity
  • References

• Non-ideal heat transfer in TL measurements (generality)
  • References

• Numerical curve fitting method (Mohan-Chen: first order)
  • Reference

• Numerical curve fitting methods (Mohan-Chen: second order)
  • Reference

• Numerical curve fitting method (Shenker-Chen: general order)
  • Reference

The following sections are included:

• Optical bleaching

• Optical fading

• Oven (quality control)
  • Reference

• Observations on the peak-shape methods based on the peak temperature at the maximum
  • References

The following sections are included:

• Partridge-May model (zero-order kinetics)
  • Reference

• Peak-shape method (Balarin: first- and second-order kinetics)
  • References

• Peak shape method (Chen: first- and second-order)
  • Total half-width peak method
  • High temperature-side half peak
  • Low-temperature side half peak
  • References

• Peak shape method (Chen: general-order kinetics)
  • References

• Peak shape method (Christodoulides: first- and general-order)
  • References

• Peak shape method (Gartia, Singh & Mazumdar: (b) general order)
  • References

• Peak shape method (Grossweiner: first order)
  • References

• Peak shape method (Halperin-Braner)
  • References

• Peak shape method (Lushchik: first and second order)
  • References

• Peak shape method (Mazumdar, Singh & Gartia: (a) general order)
  • References

• Peak shape method (parameters)
  • References

• Peak-shape methods based on the peak temperature at the maximum
  • References

• Peak shape method when s = s(T). (Chen: first-, second- and general-order)
  • Total half-width of a peak
  • High-temperature side half peak
  • Low-temperature side half peak
  • References

• Peak shape method: reliability expressions
  • References

The following sections are included:

• Peak shift

• Peak shift as a function of dose
  • Second order kinetics
  • General order kinetics
  • General order kinetics
  • Second order kinetics
  • References

• Peak singularity
  • Reference

• Perovskite's family (ABX₃)
  • References

• Phosphorescence
  • References

• Phosphors (definition)

• Photon energy response (calculation)
  • References

• Photon energy response (definition)

• Phototransferred thermoluminescence (PTTL) (general)
  • Reference

• Phototransferred thermoluminescence (PTTL): model
  • References

• Post-irradiation annealing

• Post-readout annealing

• Precision and accuracy (general considerations)
  • Random uncertainties
  • Systematic uncertainties
  • References

• Precision concerning a group of TLDs of the same type submitted to one irradiation
  • Reference

• Precision concerning only one TLD undergoing repeated cycles of measurements (same dose)
  • Reference

• Precision concerning several identical dosimeters submitted to different doses
  • References

• Precision concerning several identical dosimeters undergoing repeated and equal irradiation (procedures)
  • First procedure
  • Second procedure
  • References

• Precision in TL measurements (definition)

• Pre-exponential factor
  • Introduction
    • Integral approximation
    • Numerical solution of the integral
    • Condition at the maximum
• Higher order approximations
• References

• Pre-exponential factor (definition) [1]
  • References

• Pre-irradiation annealing

• Pre-readout annealing

• Properties of the maximum conditions

The following sections are included:

• Quasiequilibrium condition
  • References

The following sections are included:

• Radiation-induced-defects

• Randall-Wilkins model (first-order kinetics)
  • Reference

• Rasheedy modified kinetics equations
  • References

• Reading stability

• Recombination centre

• Recombination processes

• Reference and field dosimeters (definitions)

• Relative intrinsic sensitivity factor or individual correction factor S_i (definition)
  • Reference

• Relative intrinsic sensitivity factor or individual correction factor S_i (procedures)
  • Reference

• Residual TL signal

• Rubidium halide
  • References

The following sections are included:

• Second-order kinetics when s′ = s′(T)
  • References

• Self-dose in competition to fading (procedure)

• Sensitisation (definition)
  • References

• Sensitivity (definition)

• Sensitivity variations with optical transmission

• Sensitivity variations with thickness of TLD

• Set up of a thermoluminescent dosimetric system (general requirements)

• Simultaneous determination of dose and time elapsed since irradiation
  • Reference

• Sodium pyrophosphate (Na₄P₂O₇)
  • Reference

• Solid state dosimeters

• Solid state dosimetry

• Spurious thermoluminescence: chemiluminescence

• Spurious thermoluminescence: surface-related phenomena

• Spurious thermoluminescence: triboluminescence
  • References

• Stability factor F_st (definition)

• Stability factor F_st (procedure)

• Stability of the reading system background

• Stability of the reading system background (procedure)

• Stability of the TL response

• Standard annealing

• Stokes' law

• Sulphate phosphors
  • Calcium sulphate (CaSO₄)
  • Strotium and barium sulphates Dy activated (SrSO₄:Dy, BaSO₄:Dy)
  • Mixed sulphates (K₂Ca₂(SO₄)₃, K₂Cd₂(SO₄)₃)
  • References

The following sections are included:

• Temperature gradient in a TL sample
  • References

• Temperature lag: Kitis' expressions for correction (procedure)
  • References

• Temperature lag: Kitis' expressions for correction (theory)
  • First-order kinetics
  • General-order kinetics
  • Reference

• Temperature ratios T₁/T_M and T₂/T_M as a function of the kinetics order b
  • Reference

• Theory of thermoluminescent dose measurement

• Test for batch homogeneity
  • Procedure for batch homogeneity
  • Reference

• Test for the reproducibility of a TL system (procedure)
  • Reference

• Thermal cleaning (peak separation)
  • Reference

• Thermal fading (procedure)

• Thermal quenching

• Thermally connected traps
  • Reference

• Thermally disconnected traps
  • Reference

• Thermoluminescence (thermodynamic definition)

• Thermoluminescence (TL)
  • References

• Thermoluminescent dosimetric system (definition)

• Thermoluminescent materials: requirements

• Three points method
  • References

• Tissue equivalent phosphors
  • References

• Trap characteristics obtained by fading experiments
  • Reference

• Trap creation model
  • Reference

• Trapping state

• Tunnelling
  • References

• Two-trap model (Sweet and Urquhart)
  • Reference

The following sections are included:

• Various heating rates method (Bohum, Porfianovitch, Booth: first order)
  • References

• Various heating rates method (Chen-Winer: first order)
  • Reference

• Various heating rates method (Chen-Winer: second and general orders)
  • Reference

• Various heating rates method (Gartia et al.: general order)
  • References

• Various heating rates method (Hoogenstraaten: first order)
  • Reference

• Various heating rates method (Rasheedy)
  • References

• Various heating rates method (Sweet-Urquhart: two trap model)
  • Reference

• Various heating rate method when s = s(T) (Chen and Winer: first- and general-order)
  • References

The following sections are included:

• Zirconium Oxide (ZrO₂)
  • References

The following sections are included:

• APPENDIX 1
  • Appendix b = 1
  • Appendix b = 1.1
  • Appendix b = 1.2
  • Appendix b = 1.3
  • Appendix b = 1.4
  • Appendix b = 1.5
  • Appendix b = 1.6
  • Appendix b = 1.7
  • Appendix b = 1.8
  • Appendix b = 1.9
  • Appendix b = 2

• APPENDIX 2

• APPENDIX 3

• SUBJECT INDEX

• ABOUT THE AUTHOR