Elementary Physical Chemistry

The following sections are included:

• Preface

• Contents

The following sections are included:

• State of Matter

• Description of Some States of Matter

• Units

• Ideal or Perfect Gas Law

• Evaluation of the Gas Constant, R

• Mixtures of Gases

• The Kinetic Theory of Gases

• Molecular Collisions

• Diffusion of Gases. Graham's Law

• Molecular Basis of Graham's Law

• Real Gases

The following sections are included:

• Classification

• System and Surrounding

• Work and Heat

• Measurement of Work

• Reversible Process

• Measurement of Heat

• Internal Energy

• Exact and Inexact Differentials

• Relation of ΔU to qV (q at constant volume)

• Heat Capacity

• Enthalpy Changes in Chemical Reactions

• Standard Enthalpy

• Variation of Enthalpy with Temperature

The following sections are included:

• Statements of the Second Law

• Carnot Cycle

• Engine Efficiency
  • Reversible Process
  • Irreversible Process
  • General Changes in Entropy
  • Isolated Systems

• Determination of Entropy
  • Entropy change in Phase Transitions (solid–liquid, liquid–vapor, solid–vapor)
  • Entropy change in (Ideal) Gas Expansion

The following sections are included:

• Standard Entropy

• Molecular Interpretation of Entropy

• The Surroundings

• The Entropy of the Surroundings

The following sections are included:

• The Gibbs Free Energy

• Free Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions

• Variation of G with T and P

• Generalization of the Free Energy. Activity

• Partial Molar, Molal Quantities

• The Chemical Potential

• Relation of to the Equilibrium Constant, K

• Variation of K with T

The following sections are included:

• Phase Equilibrium
  • The Phase Rule
  • The Clapeyron Equation

• Chemical Equilibrium. Mixtures
  • Ideal Solutions. Raoult's Law
  • Ideal Dilute Solutions. Henry's Law
  • Colligative Properties
  • Elevation of Boiling Point. Depression of Freezing Point
  • Osmotic Pressure
  • Chemical Reaction Equilibria
  • Elements of Electrochemistry. Electrochemical Cells
  • Half-Reactions. Redox Reactions
  • Cells at Equilibrium

The following sections are included:

• The Rates of Reactions

• Order of Reaction

• Units of the Reaction Rate Constant, k

• Determination of the Rate Law
  • Isolation Method
  • Initial Rate Method

• Integrated Rate Law
  • First-Order Reaction

• Half-Lives

• Other Reaction Orders
  • Zero-Order Reactions
  • Third-Order Reactions

• Concentration of Products

• Temperature-Dependent Reaction Rates. The Arrhenius Equation

• Reaction Rate Theories
  • Collision Theory
  • Activated Complex Theory

• Rate Law Mechanisms

• The Steady State Approximation

• The Rate-Determining Step (or Equilibrium) Approximation

• Unimolecular Reactions
  • The Lindemann Mechanism

• Chain Reactions

The following sections are included:

• Historical Development

• Failure of Classical Theories
  • Black-Body Radiation
  • Photo-Electric Effect
  • Heat Capacity of Solids
  • Wave or Particle?

• The Rutherford Atom

• The Bohr Theory of the Hydrogen Atom

• Louis de Broglie

• The Schrödinger Equation

• Summary and Conclusions

• Schrödinger's Cat

The following sections are included:

• Translational Motion. Particle-in-a-Box

• Hydrogenic Atoms (H, He⁺, Li²⁺, etc.)

• One-Electron Wave-Functions

• Ionization Energy

• Shells and Subshells

• Shapes of Orbitals

• Electron Spin

• Structure, Transitions and Selection Rules

• Many-Electron Atoms

• Pauli Exclusion Principle

• Selection Rules for Spectroscopic Transitions

The following sections are included:

• Valence Bond Theory

• Polyatomic Molecules

• Molecular Orbital Theory

• Bonding and Anti-bonding Orbitals

• Bond Order

• Polar Covalent Molecules

• Structure of Polyatomic Molecules

• Normalization. Normal Constants

• Normalization Molecules (MO)

The following sections are included:

• Vibration–Rotation Spectra of Diatomic Molecules

• Rotational Selection Rules

• Vibrational Selection Rules

• Further Requirements

• Pure Rotational Spectra

• Vibration–Rotation Spectra

The following sections are included:

• Types of Intermolecular Forces
  • Electrostatic Forces
    • Ion–Ion Forces
    • Ion-Dipole Forces
    • Dipole–Dipole Forces
  • van der Waals Forces
    • Orientation Forces
    • Induction Forces
    • London Dispersion Forces

• Hydrogen Bonding

• Intermolecular Forces and Liquid Properties

• Properties of Liquids

• Classification of Solids by Types of Intermolecular Forces

The following sections are included:

• Appendix A Homework Problem Sets
  • Problem Set I. Chapter 1
  • Problem Set II. Chapter 2
  • Problem Set III. Chapters 3, 4, 5
  • Problem Set IV. Chapter 6
  • Problem Set V. Chapter 7
  • Problem Set VI. Chapters 8, 9
  • Problem Set VII. Chapters 10, 11, 12

• Appendix B Thermodynamic Data

• Appendix C Standard Reduction Potentials

• Index