Mining Environmental Handbook

The following sections are included:

• PREFACE

• HANDBOOK KEY PERSONNEL

• LIST OF CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS

• CONTENTS

The following sections are included:

• FOREWORD

• PURPOSE OF THE HANDBOOK

• ORGANIZATION OF THE HANDBOOK
  • READER’S GUIDE
  • HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
  • THE LEGAL BASES OF FEDERAL CONTROL
  • ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL AT THE STATE LEVEL
  • ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF MINING - TECHNOLOGIES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
  • ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF MINING - TECHNOLOGIES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
  • ENVIRONMENTAL PERMITTING
  • SYSTEMS DESIGN
  • OPERATIONS ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
  • SOLUTION MINING AND IN SITU LEACHING
  • PLACER AND ALLUVIAL MINING
  • COAL
  • ACID MINE DRAINAGE AND OTHER MINING-INFLUENCED-WATERS (MIW)
  • USE OF SURFACE MINES AS LANDFILLS AND REPOSITORIES
  • ECONOMIC IMPACT OF REGULATION
  • FINANCIAL ASSURANCES
  • INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS
  • CASE STUDIES
  • CURRENT AND PROJECTED ISSUES

• A WORD OF CAUTION

The following sections are included:

• INTRODUCTION

• AMERICAN MINING INDUSTRY IN PERSPECTIVE
  • PUBLIC ATTITUDE TOWARDS MINING
  • CHANGING PERCEPTIONS AND VIEWPOINTS OF THE EARTH SCIENTIST
  • CHANGES IN INDUSTRY
  • REGIONAL ATTITUDES TOWARDS MINING

• WHERE ARE WE NOW?
  • GROWTH OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN
  • MINING IN THE UNITED STATES AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL ETHIC
  • EARLY ENVIRONMENTAL CASES
  • RISE OF MODERN ENVIRONMENTALISM
  • THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTAGONISTS
  • MISCONCEPTIONS OF SOME PROTAGONISTS
  • POLITICIZING THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR

• ROLE OF FEDERAL AND STATE GOVERNMENTS
  • THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
  • EMERGING ROLE OF THE STATES

• ENVIRONMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS
  • MAINSTREAM ENVIRONMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS
  • SIERRA CLUB AS A PARADIGM OF MAINSTREAM ENVIRONMENTAL BELIEF
  • OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS

• MINING INDUSTRY ASSOCIATIONS
  • LOBBYISTS
  • NATIONAL MINING ASSOCIATION AND NATIONAL STONE ASSOCIATION
  • CALIFORNIA MINING ASSOCIATION
  • OTHER MINING INDUSTRY ASSOCIATIONS

• NON-ADVOCACY ORGANIZATIONS

• FEDERAL MINING LAW REVISION
  • POSITION OF THE ENVIRONMENTALISTS
  • POSITION OF THE MINING INDUSTRY
  • POSITION OF THE WESTERN GOVERNORS’ ASSOCIATION
  • THE RCRA OVERLAP
  • OVERVIEW

• SUMMARY

• REFERENCES

The following sections are included:

• INTRODUCTION
  • OVERVIEW
  • THEMES IN ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
  • APPROACHES INCORPORATED INTO FEDERAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
  • FEDERAL AGENCY INVOLVEMENT
  • HOW FEDERAL AGENCIES WORK
  • FEDERAL AGENCY ENFORCEMENT
  • COURT REVIEW OF AGENCY DECISION
  • HOW TO FIND FEDERAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW

• THE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT OF 1969
  • BACKGROUND
  • NEPA IMPLEMENTATION
  • ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND IMPACT STATEMENT PROCEDURES

• THE CLEAN AIR ACT
  • INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW
  • KEY POLICIES AND THE CENTRAL ROLE OF THE STATES
  • HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
  • TYPICAL MINING ACTIVITIES REGULATED BY THE CAA
  • DETAILED SUMMARY OF KEY CAA PROVISIONS

• THE CLEAN WATER ACT
  • INTRODUCTION TO THE ACT AND OVERVIEW OF MAJOR PROGRAMS
  • TYPICAL MINING PROBLEMS ADDRESSED BY THE CWA
  • OUTLINE OF THE STATUTORY SCHEME: THE GENERAL WATER QUALITY PROTECTION PROGRAM
  • DREDGE AND FILL MATERIAL PERMIT PROGRAM/WETLANDS

• THE COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE, COMPENSATION, AND LIABILITY ACT
  • INTRODUCTION
  • TYPICAL CERCLA MINING PROBLEMS
  • BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE STATUTORY SCHEME

• THE RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND RECOVERY ACT
  • STATE IMPLEMENTATION
  • DEFINITIONS OF SOLID AND HAZARDOUS WASTE
  • STATUTORY DEFINITIONS
  • REGULATION OF HAZARDOUS WASTE PRODUCERS
  • REGULATION OF TRANSPORTERS
  • RCRA PERMITTING REQUIREMENTS FOR TREATMENT, STORAGE OR DISPOSAL FACILITIES
  • LAND DISPOSAL RESTRICTIONS
  • RCRA CORRECTIVE ACTION
  • ENFORCEMENT
  • BEVILL AMENDMENT

• PUBLIC LAND LAWS
  • DEFINITION OF THE PUBLIC LAND LAWS
  • DEFINITION OF THE PUBLIC LANDS
  • THEORY BEHIND THE PUBLIC LAND LAWS
  • TYPICAL MINING PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED ON PUBLIC LANDS
  • ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION OF BLM LANDS
  • ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION ON FOREST SERVICE LANDS
  • DESIGNATION OF FEDERAL LANDS AS UNSUITABLE FOR MINING
  • PROTECTION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND PALEONTOLOGICAL RESOURCES ON FEDERAL LANDS

• MISCELLANEOUS STATUTES
  • UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANK REGULATION
  • TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT
  • PCB REGULATION
  • NOISE POLLUTION
  • OIL SPILL LEGISLATION
  • ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTROLS
  • MIGRATORY BIRD TREATY ACT

• REFERENCES

The following sections are included:

• INTRODUCTION

• STATE-FEDERAL ALLOCATION OF RESPONSIBILITIES

• STATE ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAMS²
  • GENERAL OBSERVATIONS
  • SPECIFIC COMPARISONS
  • PROGRESSION OF EVENTS

• STATE PROGRAM OVERVIEWS
  • CALIFORNIA
  • MINNESOTA’S MINING REGULATIONS
  • NORTH CAROLINA’S MINING REGULATIONS
  • ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION IN SOUTH DAKOTA

• OVERVIEW OF WESTERN STATE REGULATORY PROGRAMS

• INTERSTATE COOPERATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
  • THE INTERSTATE MINING COMPACT COMMISSION
  • THE WESTERN GOVERNORS’ ASSOCIATION
  • CONCLUSION

• REFERENCES

The following sections are included:

• PREFACE

• LAND SURFACE EFFECTS
  • INTRODUCTION
  • TOPOGRAPHY
  • SUBSIDENCE
  • SOILS
  • OVERBURDEN
  • EROSION
  • MASS WASTING
  • FILLS

• BIOLOGIC EFFECTS
  • VEGETATION
  • WILDLIFE

• HYDROLOGIC EFFECTS
  • SURFACE WATER QUALITY - SEDIMENT
  • SURFACE WATER QUALITY - CHEMICAL EFFECTS
  • SURFACE WATER QUANTITY
  • SURFACE WATER PATTERNS
  • GROUND WATER QUALITY
  • GROUND WATER QUANTITY

• EFFECTS ON AIR QUALITY
  • INTRODUCTION
  • POLLUTANTS OF CONCERN
  • EMISSIONS FROM SURFACE MINING
  • EMISSIONS FROM UNDERGROUND MINING
  • EMISSIONS FROM IN SITU MINING

• SOCIETAL EFFECTS
  • AESTHETICS
  • LAND USE
  • CULTURAL RESOURCES
  • DAMAGE

• REFERENCES

The following sections are included:

• LAND SURFACE EFFECTS
  • MINING METHODS
  • SUBSIDENCE CONTROLS
  • SURFACE RECLAMATION
  • LANDSCAPE RECONSTRUCTION
  • CONCLUSION

• BIOLOGIC EFFECTS
  • SEEDING AND PLANTING
  • AMENDMENTS
  • WILDLIFE

• HYDROLOGIC EFFECTS
  • SURFACE WATER QUANTITY
  • SURFACE WATER QUALITY
  • GROUNDWATER QUANTITY
  • GROUNDWATER QUALITY

• EFFECTS ON THE AIR
  • INTRODUCTION
  • OVERVIEW OF CONTROL OPTIONS
  • AREA AND FUGITIVE EMISSION UNITS
  • SPECIFIC POINT AND MOBILE SOURCES
  • EFFECTIVENESS AND COST
  • SUMMARY
  • CONTROL OF RADON AND RADON PROGENY IN UNDERGROUND MINES

• SOCIETAL EFFECTS
  • AESTHETICS
  • CULTURAL RESOURCES

• MITIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF BLASTING
  • INTRODUCTION
  • FLYROCK
  • BLAST VIBRATIONS
  • AIRBLAST
  • DUST AND GASES

• REFERENCES

The following sections are included:

• INTRODUCTION
  • CHAPTER PURPOSE
  • DEFINING ENVIRONMENTAL PERMITTING
  • ENVIRONMENTAL PERMITTING TEAM
  • CHAPTER ORGANIZATION

• DEFINING MINERAL SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS THAT MAY IMPACT THE ENVIRONMENT
  • WASTE ROCK CHARACTERIZATION
  • GEOTECHNICAL CHARACTERIZATION
  • HYDROGEOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION
  • MINIMIZING PROBLEMATIC PROCESS WASTES

• DEFINING ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS OF THE PROJECT SITE (BASELINE EVALUATION)
  • PERMITTING RISKS AND PRE-EXISTING POTENTIAL LIABILITIES
  • BASELINE DATA REQUIREMENTS

• DEFINING LEGAL AND REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS
  • DEVELOPING A COMPLIANCE PROGRAM

• DEVELOPING A PERMITTING STRATEGY
  • INTRODUCTION
  • PROJECT-SPECIFIC ISSUES
  • THE KEY PLAYERS
  • THE REGULATORY ATMOSPHERE
  • SELECTING A PROJECT TEAM
  • WHEN TO INITIATE PERMITTING
  • DEFINING PROJECT SCOPE
  • THE PERMITTING SCHEDULE
  • IDENTIFYING FATAL FLAWS
  • AUTHORITY FOR PERMIT DENIAL
  • CONTROVERSIAL PROJECTS
  • UPDATING PERMITTING STRATEGY
  • SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

• THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT PROCESS
  • EIS PROCEDURES, CONTENT, AND SCHEDULE
  • MEMORANDUMS OF UNDERSTANDING
  • SELECTING AN EIS CONTRACTOR
  • ASSESSMENTS VERSUS IMPACT STATEMENTS

• DEFINING PROJECT IMPACTS AND PLANNING RECLAMATION
  • INTEGRATING ENVIRONMENTAL DATA
  • EVALUATING PROJECT ALTERNATIVES
  • IMPACT ASSESSMENT
  • MITIGATION
  • RECLAMATION PLANNING

• ENGINEERING FOR PERMITTING
  • THE ROLE OF THE ENGINEER
  • CO-ORDINATING ENGINEERING AND PERMITTING
  • COORDINATING DESIGN, PROCUREMENT, AND PERMITTING
  • ENGINEERING DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

• CLOSURE AND POST-CLOSURE PLANNING
  • CLOSURE AND POST-CLOSURE REQUIREMENTS
  • REDUCING FINANCIAL OBLIGATIONS
  • REDUCING CLAIM POTENTIAL

• PROJECT MONITORING
  • MONITORING REQUIREMENTS
  • AIR QUALITY MONITORING

• PUBLIC RELATIONS AND COMMUNICATIONS
  • INTRODUCTION
  • RESEARCH - A COMMUNICATIONS TOOL
  • SUCCESSFUL PUBLIC RELATIONS
  • COUNTERACTING MISINFORMATION
  • WORKING WITH THE MEDIA
  • USING TECHNICAL INFORMATION
  • SPOKESPERSON TRAINING
  • CRISIS COMMUNICATION
  • CONCLUSIONS AND SUMMARY

• POLITICAL INVOLVEMENT
  • PARTICIPATING IN THE ISSUES
  • HOW TO BECOME INVOLVED
  • THE MINING LAW OF 1872
  • ANALYZING LEGISLATIVE IMPACTS
  • SUMMARY

• REFERENCES

The following sections are included:

• INTRODUCTION

• THE DESIGN PROCESS
  • INTRODUCTION
  • DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
  • PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
  • COMMUNICATIONS

• GEOTECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
  • INTRODUCTION
  • COMPONENTS REQUIRING GEOTECHNICAL EVALUATION
  • GEOTECHNICAL SITE SELECTION
  • PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF SITE SUITABILITY
  • SPECIFIC DETERMINATION OF SITE SUITABILITY
  • DISCUSSION

• LINER DESIGN PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE
  • DEFINITION OF LINER SYSTEM
  • DEVELOPING RELIABLE LINERS
  • TYPICAL LINER SYSTEMS
  • LINER MATERIALS
  • LEAKAGE THROUGH LINER SYSTEMS

• TAILINGS DISPOSAL DESIGN
  • TAILINGS PRODUCTION, HANDLING AND TRANSPORT
  • TAILINGS CHARACTERISTICS
  • DISPOSAL METHODS
  • TAILINGS SEDIMENTATION
  • TAILINGS IMPOUNDMENTS
  • UNDERGROUND BACKFILLING
  • ABOVE GROUND DRY TAILINGS DISPOSAL

• WASTE ROCK DISPOSAL DESIGN
  • PLANNING PARAMETERS
  • MINE ROCK DISPOSAL SITE CONDITIONS
  • DESIGN GUIDELINES

• HEAP AND DUMP LEACH DESIGN
  • INTRODUCTION
  • SITING
  • ENGINEERING DESIGN

• WATER BALANCE EVALUATIONS
  • INTRODUCTION
  • LOCAL HYDROLOGY
  • MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION
  • WATER BALANCE - DETERMINISTIC ANALYSE
  • WATER BALANCE - PROBABILISTIC APPROACHES
  • PRESENTATION AND EVALUATION OF RESULTS

• CONSTRUCTION QUALITY ASSURANCE/QUALITY CONTROL
  • INTRODUCTION/GENERAL
  • PURPOSE
  • THE CQA PLAN
  • IMPLEMENTATION
  • VALUE OF QUALITY ASSURANCE IN FLEXIBLE MEMBRANE APPLICATIONS
  • CONSTRUCTION QUALITY ASSURANCE REPORT

• REFERENCES

The following sections are included:

• INTRODUCTION

• EVOLUTION OF OPERATIONS ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
  • PRE-SMCRA PERIOD
  • EARLY SMCRA PERIOD
  • PRESENT PERIOD

• OPERATIONS ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS
  • CORPORATE TASKS
  • PROJECT FUNCTIONS
  • MIXED CORPORATE AND PROJECT FUNCTIONS

• ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT CYCLE
  • EXPLORATION
  • MINE PROJECT DEVELOPMENT
  • MINE OPERATIONS
  • MINE EXPANSION
  • RECLAMATION AND CLOSURE
  • POST CLOSURE

• SAMPLE ORGANIZATIONS
  • EXPLORATION COMPANY
  • SMALL OPERATING COMPANY
  • MID SIZED OPERATING COMPANY
  • LARGE OPERATING COMPANY

• CONCLUSION
  • ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

• REFERENCES

The following sections are included:

• SOLUTION MINING
  • CAVERN CONSTRUCTION
  • WASTE MANAGEMENT
  • ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS

• IN-SITU LEACHING
  • WASTE GENERATION AND MANAGEMENT
  • ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
  • GROUNDWATER RESTORATION

• Acknowledgements

Placer mining has always been an important segment of the US mining industry. During the pre-Revolutionary War period, bog iron ore was produced in the Eastern US, which was followed by gold mining in the Carolinas and Georgia during the first half of the 19th Century. However, the California Gold Rush was the most important factor in raising US placer mining to the status of a major, world-class industry. The California placers evolved from small artisanal operations to hydraulic mining and then to large- scale dredging. This course of events was subsequently duplicated in many Western States and Canadian Provinces. Placer mining is still important in Alaska, where even off shore dredging has recently been practiced.

The following sections are included:

• INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
  • SURFACE MINING
  • UNDERGROUND MINING
  • PREPARATION
  • REFUSE DISPOSAL

• COAL MINE REGULATION
  • SURFACE MINING CONTROL AND RECLAMATION ACT
  • FEDERAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT

• ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
  • AIR
  • WATER
  • WASTE

• MITIGATIVE DESIGN TECHNIQUES
  • MINE PLANNING AND DESIGN
  • REFUSE DISPOSAL AND WATER MANAGEMENT
  • FLY ASH DISPOSAL
  • RECLAMATION

• CONCLUSION

• REFERENCES

The following sections are included:

• INTRODUCTION

• POTENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MINING-INFLUENCED-WATERS
  • GENERAL
  • FIVE COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OF MIW

• GEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES RELATED TO THE CHARACTERISTICS OF MINING-INFLUENCED-WATERS
  • pH, ACIDITY AND ALKALINITY CONTROLS
  • SULFATE AND ARSENATE CONCENTRATIONS
  • IRON AND ALUMINUM CONCENTRATIONS
  • HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATIONS
  • TURBIDITY AND SUSPENDED MATTER

• MIW REMEDIATION COSTS
  • BASIC ESTIMATION ASSUMPTIONS
  • CHEMICAL TREATMENT

• REFERENCES

The following sections are included:

• INTRODUCTION

• DESIGN OF WASTE REPOSITORIES IN MINING FACILITIES

• LANDFILL DESIGN
  • LANDFILL CLASSIFICATION
  • SITE SELECTION
  • FACILITY LAYOUT
  • LANDFILL DESIGN COMPONENTS
  • CONSTRUCTION CONSIDERATIONS

• REFERENCES

The mining industry faces three major types of economic impacts as a result of current environmental regulation. First are the reallocations of resource demands caused by environmental regulations on other industries (e.g., low sulfur coal demands caused by regulations on coal-fired power plants). Second are the direct costs of installing, operating and maintaining abatement equipment. Third are the indirect costs of permit acquisition, permit acquisition delays, monitoring, reporting and file storing. These indirect costs are far more detrimental to the mining industry than the other costs. The first and second economic impacts will be discussed in Section 15.2, using large-scale economic modeling results. The third economic impact will be developed in more detail in Section 15.3.2 to show that, without schedule delays, current U.S. environmental regulation may reduce a project’s profit by 11 percentage points, and of those, only 3 percentage points may result in mitigating adverse environmental effects. The balance of the loss in profitability is expended on baseline studies, application preparation, monitoring, report generation and other administrative and legal tasks.

The following sections are included:

• INTRODUCTION
  • FINANCIAL ASSURANCES AND THE MINE LIFE CYCLE

• FEDERAL GOVERNMENT PERSPECTIVES
  • POLICY ISSUES
  • THE PUBLIC’S DESIRES
  • HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF FINANCIAL ASSURANCES
  • CURRENT SITUATION
  • EPA CONSIDERATIONS
  • OUTLOOK FROM BLM’S POSITION

• ESTIMATING THE ASSURANCE REQUIREMENT

• TYPES OF FINANCIAL ASSURANCE INSTRUMENTS
  • SURETY BONDS
  • STANDBY LETTERS OF CREDIT
  • INSURANCE
  • SELF GUARANTEES
  • ESCROW ACCOUNTS

• COVERAGE MECHANISMS
  • LIFE OF PROJECT
  • STATEWIDE AND/OR BLANKET GUARANTEE
  • PHASED BONDING

• FINANCIAL GUARANTEE DISTRIBUTION MECHANISMS
  • PROJECT BOND RELEASE
  • PHASED RELEASE

• RELEASE CRITERIA

• CREDIT RISK EVALUATION AND OBLIGATIONS

• COMMERCIAL BANKING ASPECTS
  • CERTIFICATES OF DEPOSIT
  • STANDBY LETTERS OF CREDIT
  • EFFECT OF 1992 REGULATIONS
  • TRENDS IN THE BANKING INDUSTRY

• PUBLIC ACCOUNTING ASPECTS
  • RECORDING OF COSTS

• METHODS FOR REDUCTION OF FINANCIAL (BONDING) OBLIGATIONS

• CONCLUSION

• REFERENCES

The following sections are included:

• INTRODUCTION

• GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGENDA

• REGULATORY OUTLOOK
  • COMPARATIVE TRENDS
  • REGULATORY OUTLOOK FOR THE PHILIPPINES
  • THE LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES
  • ASIA AND PACIFIC RIM COUNTRIES
  • AUSTRALIA
  • AFRICA AND THE CIS COUNTRIES

• REFERENCES

• APPENDIX I

• APPENDIX II

• APPENDIX III

The following sections are included:

• INTRODUCTION

• IRON MOUNTAIN
  • INTRODUCTION
  • HYDROLOGY AND GEOLOGY
  • MINING HISTORY
  • ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION
  • INVESTIGATIONS AND REMEDIATION
  • CONCLUDING REMARKS

• THE SUMMITVILLE MINE: BUILD-UP TO CRISIS
  • INTRODUCTION
  • PROJECT DESCRIPTION
  • PRE-GALACTIC MINING HISTORY
  • HISTORIC WATER QUALITY
  • GALACTIC ACTIVITIES, 1984 THROUGH 1992
  • BUILD-UP TO CRISIS
  • CONCLUSION

• APPLYING A CRUSHED ROCK VENEER TO CONTROL DUST ON DRY TAILING
  • INTRODUCTION
  • BACKGROUND
  • EVALUATION OF CONTROL ALTERNATIVES
  • CRUSHED ROCK VENEER
  • RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

• THE MINE PERMITTING PROCESS: A CASE STUDY OF THE ALASKA-JUNEAU MINE
  • INTRODUCTION
  • MINE HISTORY
  • PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT
  • PERMITTING THE A-J MINE
  • CONCLUSIONS

• OREGON - THINGS LOOK DIFFERENT HERE
  • INTRODUCTION
  • BRIEF HISTORY
  • EARLY REGULATION
  • THE LEGISLATIVE PROCESS
  • ANALYSIS OF THE OREGON EXPERIENCE
  • APPLYING THE LESSONS LEARNED

• REFERENCES

The following sections are included:

• INTRODUCTION

• PUBLIC AWARENESS AND CONCERNS
  • THE RISKS OF DEVELOPING NEW MINERAL RESOURCES
  • MINING VIEWS THE ENVIRONMENT
  • THE ENVIRONMENTAL FUTURE
  • THE ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN MINING

• MINING WASTES AND MATERIALS

• MINED LAND RECLAMATION

• REMINING OLD MINE WORKINGS AND WASTE DUMPS

• REVISIONS TO GENERAL MINING LAW AND REGULATIONS

• FEDERAL, STATE AND LOCAL REQUIREMENTS - INTERACTION

• INTERNATIONAL REQUIREMENTS AND STANDARDS

• ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS AND MINING ECONOMICS
  • EXPLORATION
  • DEVELOPMENT
  • OPERATIONS
  • CLOSURE/POST-CLOSURE
  • RELATED ISSUES

• OTHER ISSUES
  • THE FEDERAL CLEAN AIR ACT AMENDMENTS
  • STORM WATER RUNOFF
  • ENDANGERED SPECIES, WETLANDS AND ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE AREAS
  • ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITS
  • POLLUTION PREVENTION

Note from publisher:- DIRECTORY OF STATE REGULATORY AGENCIES

A

Abatement: Measures taken to reduce the degree or intensity of, or eliminating, pollution…

The following sections are included:

• INDEX