Entropy Theory of Aging Systems

The following sections are included:

• Dedication

• Contents

• Introduction

The following sections are included:

• A Journey

• In God We Trust

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Life is a series of chemical reactions accelerated or moderated and modulated by enzymes. We store or expend energy by this route and if we are constant temperature beings — as we are — then we transfer to the surroundings most of the resulting energy as heat, generated by the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates and protein. Fats are insoluble, transported in the blood, bound to protein as lipoprotein. They may be triglycerides, derived from fatty acids and glycerol. Fats in foodstuffs and fatty deposits in animals consist of mixtures of triglycerides. Some typical fatty acids are palmitic and stearic acids (saturated or solid fatty acids) and the unsaturated or liquid fatty acids such as linoleic acid (found in vegetable oils) and arachidonic acid (in fish and animals). Fats, when absorbed, circulate to the liver where as triglycerides they are hectored into becoming fatty acids. From the liver fats pass into the blood and then to adipose tissue for storage. Blood triglyceride levels are increased by fats high in saturated fatty acids such as beef fat and butter. Thyroid hormones and physical exercise diminish their presence. From adipose tissue fats are carried to muscle where they are oxidized to carbon dioxide and water to yield energy. Fat utilization is enhanced by adrenalin and noradrenalin and growth hormone from the pituitary. Emotional stimuli increase fat mobilization…

The following sections are included:

• The Second Law of Thermodynamics

• Entropy, Time, Information, Infinity

• Infinity and Entropy

• Excess Entropy and Excess Entropy Production

• Entropy and Lifespan

• Order

• Driving Forces for Change

• Steady State, Unsteady State

• Self-Organization

• Open Systems and Closed Systems

• Aging and Evolving Systems

• A New Vocabulary

• The Meaning of the New Vocabulary

• Entropy and Structure

• Infinity, Infinite Series

• Entropy, Structure, Information

• Entropy and Infinity: Determinism, Randomness, and Uncertainty

The following sections are included:

• Cause and Effect: Before and After

• The Form of Time

• The Measurement of Time

• The Direction of Time

• Time's Duration

• Cyclic Time

• Longevity and Entropy

• Entropic Analysis of the Living Human System

• Energy Metabolism Measurement

• The Basal Metabolic Rate and Aging

• Excess Entropy (EE) and Excess Entropy Production (EEP) Driving Forces for Aging

• Longevity Predictions Based on EEP and EE Tracks

• Summarizing the EEP and EE Theory of Aging

• Life and Death

The following sections are included:

• Comparison of Theoretical Longevity Projections versus Actual Death Age for Individual Subjects
  • Dead People Project
  • Part I
  • Part II: Maple Knoll Retirement Village Data

• Consequences of the Results of Parts I and II

The following sections are included:

• Size versus Function

• Emerging States Driven by Non-equilibrium Conditions

• Aging Civilizations

• Entropy, Aging and Death

• Equilibrium Versus the Stationary State

• Aging as an Entropy Driven Process

• The Change Process in Corporate Systems

• Entropy Concepts Applied to a Corporation

Calculations of entropy changes in open systems were reported in 1896, entropy production in 1911. Clausius coined the word, entropy, from the Greek language to mean transformation and defined it as the increment of energy added to a body as heat divided by its temperature, during a reversible process. Brillouin showed a connection between entropy and information. Dowds developed his own method of applying entropy concepts to the examination of the data from oil fields, as did others in land use planning, and in Nigeria to analyze water runoff. It was the work of Shannon that more firmly connected information and entropy. Suppose entropy measures not the information of the sender but the ignorance of the receiver, removed by the receipt of the message. The probabilities assigned individual messages are a means of describing a state of knowledge. Historians such as Toynbee, Spengler and Spencer believed in historical determinism, associating civilization with the living tendencies of birth, maturation, senility and death…

The following sections are included:

• The Meaning of Stored Information

• Entropy and Corporate Structure

• More Details

The following sections are included:

• Complexity and Communications

• Various Geometric Shapes Available for a Table of Organization

• Tables of Organization

• Informational Entropy, Shannon's Approach

• More on Entropy, Structure and Shannon

• Units of Informational Entropy

• The Meaning of Stored Information

• Application of Informational Entropy in Business

The following sections are included:

• Organizations can no longer be changed by imposing a model developed elsewhere

• How do we create structures that move with the change, that are flexible and adaptive, even boundary-less, that enable rather than constrain?

• Autopoiesis means self-reproduction

• Dissipative structures are open systems that have flows of material, energy, and information through their boundaries

• Stability through fluctuations, for open systems, means that disorder and the dissipative process can be a source of a new order. Significant fluctuations (forces for change) drive us far-from-equilibrium, where many new options become available to choose. Though being in equilibrium feels more comfortable, it is the path we choose in the far-from-equilibrium state that feels orderly and stable

• Organizations are not machines, they are processes

• Some think that an organization can be defined and controlled by focusing on its individual components and discrete tasks

• Space is not empty, in the universe as well as in an organization

• The Heisenberg uncertainty principle applies everywhere in life

• Don't define a person in terms of his or her authority relationship

• Entropy is the measure of disorder in a system

• Positive feedback is the source of instability

• Self-organizing systems find ways of adjusting to the external influences

• Scientists build explanatory structures, telling stories, which are tested to see if they are stories about real life

• Our universe is not merely a universe of things, but also a universe of a nothingness we call information
  • Aging theories

• Aging People versus the Aging Corporation

The following sections are included:

• Definitions

• The Six Hershey Parameters: Scaled from 0.00 (Best) to 1.00 (Worst)

• Significance of the Six Hershey Parameters

• Hershey Corporate Lifecycles

• Calculations Involving the Six Hershey Parameters
  • Example

• Six Hershey Parameters for Characterizing the Efficiency of the Structure
  • First parameter: Structural Redundancy-Activities (SR-A)
  • Second parameter: Structural Redundancy-Geometry (SR-G)
  • Third parameter: Structural Redundancy-Interaction (SR-I)
  • Fourth parameter: Power Distribution-Center of Gravity (PD-CG)
  • Fifth parameter: Power Distribution-Symmetry Number (PD-SN)
    • Best case (SN0)
    • Worst case (SN_max)
  • Sixth parameter: informational entropy

• Interactions Between Units (Dotted Lines) and the Effect on Informational Entropy

• Some Mathematical Clarifications

• Theoretical Basis for Determining the Bosses in a Corporate Hierarchy

• Theoretical Basis for Determining the Summation of Power (σPi)

• Interactions in a Corporate Hierarchy

• The More Specific (Sophisticated) Calculations Involving Methods I and II
  • Construct the Corporate Matrix
  • Designing an Optimal Corporate Structure: Methods I and II
    • Electron shells in an atomic structure
    • Designing an Optimal Corporate Structure: Methods I and II
    • Comparing Methods I and II
  • Add Shells, (Si), Fractional Budget, (bi), and Power, (Pi), to the Matrix
  • Boss relationship (for both Methods I and II)
  • Redraw the corporate structure, using solid lines for boss relationships and dotted lines for interactions (shared, non-boss activities)
  • Get σPi (control through boss relationships)
  • Complete the matrix, adding σP_i, C_i and f_i columns
  • Interactions (dotted lines between units)
  • The six Hershey parameters, bar graph, lifecycle status and lifecycle status of the organization as a whole

• Case History
  • Summary of the Study
    • Perception
    • Method II: Theoretical Model
  • Summary of Results

The following sections are included:

• An Expanding Universe?

• An Empty Universe?

• A Hot and Cold Universe?

• A Big Universe?

• The Temperature, Chemistry, and Physics of the Universe

• A Summary of the Prevailing Theories

The following sections are included:

• Infinity and the Universe

• Entropy and the Universe

• Infinity, Entropy, and the Universe

• Our Aging, Evolving Universe: From Birth (Out of Infinity) to Death (Return to Infinity)
  • The Hershey Model

• Simple Models to Help Explain the Birth and Death of the Universe
  • The Birth of a Cloud Out of the Sky, and its Return to the Sky
  • Fireworks
  • Saturated Steam-Saturated Water at its Critical Temperature and Pressure

The following sections are included:

• Physical properties of the universe

• Numerical Conversion Factors

• The Universe as an Ideal Gas

• Temperature–Volume Relationship of the Universe

• Temperature of the Universe versus the Age of the Universe

• Birth of the Universe at A = 0 yrs

• Death of the Universe when the Temperature (T) Descends to Absolute Zero (0°K, or -273°C)

• The Present Temperature (T) of the Universe

• Present Volume (V) of the Universe Calculated by Three Methods
  • Method I
  • Method II
  • Method III

• Evaluation of K' from TV^1/3 = K'

• The Volume, V, of the Universe, From Birth to Death

• The Pressure of the Universe from Birth to Death

• Notes

• The Formation of the Prenascent Gaseous Universe From the Precursor Dense Nuclear Fluid

• The Phase Transformation, from the Precursor Dense Nuclear Fluid to the Prenascent Gaseous Universe

• Pressure, Volume, and the Temperature of the Prenascent Gaseous Universe

• Pressure, Volume, and Temperature of the Precursor Dense Nuclear Fluid which Formed Out of Infinity

• Entropy of the Universe

• Classic Thermodynamics Calculations

• Coda: If All This Is True, Then …

The following sections are included:

• Author Biography

• Index