Sonochemistry

The following sections are included:

• Foreword
• Preface
• About the Author
• Contents

The following sections are included:

• What is the Sonochemistry?
• A Chemistry Based on Ultrasonic Waves
• The Brief History of Sonochemistry
• What about Green Chemistry?
• References

The following sections are included:

• Bubble Dynamic
• Cavitation, Effects and Models
• Factors Affecting Cavitation
  • Frequency
  • Acoustic power
  • Pressure
  • Temperature
  • Solvent
  • Dissolved gas
  • Shape of the sonoreactor
• References

Many parameters can change the effects of ultrasound on a chemical reaction, a material preparation or another process. It is also sometimes difficult to replicate a specific experiment described in the literature because the equipment is very different from one research group to another. In addition, some publications do not specifically describe the characteristics of the studied sonochemical system. For these reasons, this chapter is essential for you in order to adopt good practices when you use ultrasound. It presents how to improve the reproducibility of an experiment even if it is performed with another type of sonochemical equipment.

For example in organic chemistry, all the experimental data needed to reproduce a reaction are usually clearly indicated (solvent, reaction temperature, agitation mode, reaction time, etc.). It must be the same when ultrasound is used: experimental conditions and sonochemical parameters have to be reported.

This chapter will give you information on the existing equipment used to develop sonochemical processes in labs. There are different devices from the most mundane to the most advanced that produce ultrasound. The following sections present each of these systems by highlighting their practical advantages and disadvantages.

This chapter presents some eco-friendly applications in different fields of chemistry such as catalysis and organic chemistry, materials preparation, polymer chemistry, biomass conversion, extraction and environmental remediation. More than a complete review of the literature, we selected specific examples to highlight how sonochemistry can efficiently contribute to green chemistry. A section of this chapter is particularly focused on innovative combinations of ultrasound with other technologies such as microwave, electrochemistry, uses of ionic liquids or enzymes. The final part will be dedicated to some comments about scale-up and industrial applications.

This conclusive chapter will give some elements for future development of sonochemistry, especially for green chemistry applications. It starts with the limitations of sonochemistry, followed by a critical section to show the strong link between sonochemistry and green chemistry. To complete this chapter, an innovative section is proposed as a conclusion, since we invited some distinguished sonochemists from around the world to share their opinions on the past/present/future impacts of sonochemistry in terms of green chemistry: an exciting read to better know issues, challenges and trends in the field! The answers given here are personal points of view and referenced only to their authors. The content of this book does not represent researchers who contributed in this conclusive chapter.

The following sections is included:

• Index