Handbook of Porphyrin Science (Volume 27)

The following sections are included:

• Contents

• Preface for Volumes 26–30

• Preface for Volumes 21–25

• Contributing Authors for Volumes 1–30

• Contents of Volumes 1–30

The following sections are included:

• List of Abbreviations

• Introduction

• Heme Biosynthetic Pathway in Vertebrates

• Identification of ALAS and Tissue-Specific Regulation of Heme Biosynthesis

• Characterization of ALAS Isozymes

• Regulation of ALAS-N Gene Expression
  • Heme is a Powerful Suppressor of ALAS-N Expression
  • Xenobiotic Induction of ALAS-N Expression
  • Other Regulators of ALAS-N Expression

• Expression Profile of ALAS-N

• Regulation of ALAS-E Expression
  • Transcriptional Regulation of ALAS-E
  • Translational Regulation of ALAS-E
  • Posttranslational Regulation of ALAS-E

• Role of ALAS-E in Hematopoiesis
  • Suppression of ALAS-E Expression in Murine Erythroleukemia cells
  • In Vitro Differentiation of ALAS-E-Null ES Cells
  • Heme-Mediated Regulation of the Expression of Other Genes

• ALAS-E Plays Important Roles in Erythropoiesis and Iron Homeostasis
  • Role of ALAS-E Expression in Zebrafish
  • Targeting Disruptions of the Alas2 Gene in Mice
  • Transgenic Rescue of ALAS-E-Null Mice

• Summary and Perspectives

• References

The following sections are included:

• List of Abbreviations

• Introduction

• Erythropoiesis
  • Introduction
  • Sites of Erythropoiesis
  • Stages of Erythropoiesis
  • Regulation of Erythroid Differentiation
  • Pre-EPO-dependent Period
  • EPO-dependent Period
  • Terminal Differentiation Period
  • Final Maturation and Senescence

• Regulation of Hemoglobin Synthesis
  • Introduction
  • Iron Metabolism and Heme Synthesis in Erythroid Cells
  • Brief Overview of Heme Biosynthesis
  • Overview of Iron Metabolism
  • Coordinate Regulation of Ferritin and TfR1 Expression
  • Specific Features of TfR1 Regulation in Erythroid Cells
  • Erythroid-specific Regulation of Iron Metabolism and Heme Synthesis
  • Why Our Blood is Red …

• Erythroid Mitochondrial Iron Homeostasis
  • Iron Delivery to Mitochondria
  • Iron Export from Mitochondria
  • Dysregulated Mitochondrial Iron Homeostasis
  • Hereditary Sideroblastic Anemias

• Conclusions and Future Directions

• Acknowledgements

• References

The following sections are included:

• List of Abbreviations

• Introduction

• Zebrafish: Model System for Hematopoiesis
  • Primitive (Embryonic) Hematopoiesis in Teleosts
  • Definitive (Adult) Hematopoiesis in Teleosts

• Genetic Methods to Identify New Genes for Erythropoiesis
  • Mutagenesis Screening
  • Morpholinos
  • Transgenic Reporters
  • Targeted Gene Disruption in Somatic Zebrafish Cells Using Engineered TALENs

• Zebrafish as a Model for Human RBC Diseases
  • Zebrafish Mutants for Heme Disorders
  • Moonshine (mon, tif1γ)
  • Shiraz (sir, glrx5)
  • Frascati (frs, mfrn1)
  • Weißherbst (weh, fpn)
  • Pinotage (pnt, atpif1)

• Conclusions and Future Directions

• Acknowledgments

• References

The following sections are included:

• List of Abbreviations

• Introduction

• Biochemistry of Hemoglobin and HBOCs
  • Ligand Binding — Oxygen
  • Ligand Binding — Nitric Oxide (NO)

• Oxidative Modification to Hemoglobin
  • Iron Oxidation
  • Heme Degradation
  • Globin Chain Oxidation

• Species Specific Hemoglobins: Potential Models for HBOC Design
  • Avian Hemoglobin
  • Clam Hemoglobin (Lucina pectinata)

• Pharmacologic Response to Hemoglobin and HBOCs
  • Hemodynamic Effects
  • Tissue Perfusion and Oxygen Delivery
  • In Vivo Oxidation of Hemoglobin
  • Clearance Mechanisms for Hemoglobin and HBOCs

• Toxicologic Effects of Hemoglobin and HBOCs on Tissue
  • Biological Markers of Tissue Exposure in Animals
  • Tissue Related Toxicity Associated with HBOC Administration

• Summary and Perspectives for the Future

• References

The following sections are included:

• List of Abbreviations

• Introduction

• Life Cycle of the Malaria Parasite

• Cellular Compartments of Plasmodium

• Hemozoin and Food Vacuole

• Features of Heme Biosynthesis in Animals and Plants
  • Formation of δ-Aminolevulinate
  • Conversion of ALA into Heme
  • Compartmentalization of Heme Biosynthetic Pathway

• Putative Model for Heme Biosynthetic Pathway in the Malaria Parasite

• Enzymes of the Heme Biosynthetic Pathway in P. falciparum
  • δ-Aminolevulinate Synthase (PfALAS)
  • δ-Aminolevulinate Dehydratase (PfALAD)
  • Porphobilinogen Deaminase (PfPBGD)
  • Uroporphyrinogen III Decarboxylase (PfUROD)
  • Coproporphyrinogen III Oxidase (PfCPO)
  • Protoporphyrinogen IX Oxidase (PfPPO)
  • Ferrochelatase (PfFC)

• Heme and Cerebral Malaria

• Conclusions and Future Directions

• Acknowledgments

• References

The following sections are included:

• List of Abbreviations

• Introduction

• Behavior of Fe(III)PPIX in Solution
  • Fe(III)PPIX Aggregation
  • Nature of the Fe(III)PPIX Dimer
  • The Effect of Solvents on μ–oxo Dimer Formation

• Hemozoin
  • Chemical Composition and Spectroscopic Properties
  • Chemical Structure
  • The Possible Roles of Proteins and Lipids in Hemozoin Formation
  • Formation of β-Hematin at Aqueous–Organic Interfaces and in Lipid Emulsions
  • Detergent-Mediated Formation

• Interaction of Antimalarial Drugs with Heme
  • Spectroscopic Evidence and Thermodynamics
  • Structures of Fe(III)PPIX Complexes of Quinoline Methanols and Arylmethanols
  • Structures of Fe(III)PPIX Complexes of 4-Aminoquinolines

• The Search for New Hemozoin Inhibitors
  • High Throughput Screening
  • Rational Design

• Hemozoin Inhibition in Other Organisms

• Conclusions and Future Directions

• References

The following sections are included:

• List of Abbreviations

• Introduction

• The Role of the Photosensitizer in Photodynamic Therapy
  • Ideal Characteristics of Photosensitizers
  • Photophysical Processes of Photodynamic Therapy
  • Photochemical Generation of Oxidizing Species
  • The Porphyrin as a Photosensitizer

• Major Porphyrin Classes in PDT
  • Hematoporphyrin Derivative (HpD) and Photofrin^®
  • 5-Aminolevulinic Acid: In Situ Synthesis of Photosensitizers
  • Substituted Cationic Porphyrins

• Porphyrin Analogs
  • Chlorins
  • Bacteriochlorins
  • Phthalocyanines and Napthalocyanines

• Conjugates of Porphyrins with Targeting Ligands
  • Antibodies

• Porphyryinoids: Expanding the Chromophore
  • Texaphyrins
  • Porphycene
  • Sapphyrins

• Conclusions and Future Directions

• Acknowledgments

• References

The following sections are included:

• List of Abbreviations

• Introduction: PDT and BNCT

• Conjugation of Tetrapyrroles to Peptides in Anticancer Photochemotherapy: Rationale and Aims
  • Targeting Disease-Associated Enzymes: Protease-Activatable Photosensitizers
  • Receptor-Targeted Photosensitizers
  • Enhancing Membrane Trafficking and Intracellular Targeting

• Synthetic Approaches for the Conjugation of Porphyrins and Related Macrocycles to Polypeptides
  • Ligations via Bioorthogonal Reactions
  • Ligations via Thiol-Reactive Photosensitizers
  • Ligations via Amine-Reactive Photosensitizers

• Conjugation to Proteins

• Synthetic Approaches for the Conjugation of Porphyrins and Related Macrocycles to Boron Clusters
  • Amide, Ester, and Thioester Bond Formation via Acylation
  • Transesterification Reactions
  • Nucleophilic Alkylation Reactions
  • Metal-Mediated Cross-Coupling Reactions
  • Nucleophilic Addition of Lithiated Carboranes to Aldehydes
  • Reductive Amination

• Conclusions

• References

The following sections are included:

• Index to Volume 27