Bifunctional Acids And Esters

The following sections are included:

• Dicarboxylic Acids

  • General

  • Synthesis

    • Dicarboxylation of 1,1-Dimetalaalkanes

    • Oxidative Cleavage of Cyclic Ketones

  • Reactions of Diacids

    • Thermolysis

      • Thermolysis of Malonates

      • Thermolysis of Oxalic Acid

      • Thermolysis of Larger Diacids

    • Reaction With Acetic Anhydride

    • With Ammonia

• Hydroxy Acids

  • General

  • Synthesis

    • α-Hydroxy Acids

      • Hydrolysis of α-Halo-acids

      • From Cyanohydrins

      • Base Induced Rearrangement of 1,2-Diketone - The Benzilic Acid Rearrangement

    • β-Hydroxy Acids

      • Reaction of Carbanion of Ester With Aldehyde

    • General Method For Other Hydroxy Acids

  • Reactions of Hydroxy Acids

    • Internal Esterification - Formation of Lactones

    • Formation of Lactides From α-Hydroxy Acids

• β-Substituted Esters - An Overview

  • Ready Carbanion Formation

  • Easy Mono-decarboxylation

• Dialkyl Malonates

  • Synthesis

    • From α–Halo-acids

  • Reactions of Malonate Esters

    • Reaction of Anion With Alkyl Halide

    • Reaction of Anion With α,ω-Dihalides

    • Reactions of Anion With Aldehydes and Ketones - The Knoevenagel Condensation (with aldol condensation)

    • 1,4-Addition With α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyls - Michael Addition

• Unsaturated Carboxvlic Acids

  • General

  • Synthesis

    • Hydrolysis of Allyl Nitrites

      • Acid Hydrolysis

      • Hydrolysis With Base

    • Hypohalite Oxidation of Unsaturated Methyl Ketone - The Haloform Reaction

  • Reactions of Unsaturated Carboxylic Acids

    • General Reactions

      • Reactions of the Double Bond

      • Migration of The Double Bond

      • 1,4- Conjugate Additions (inch Michael Additions)

      • Lactone Formation

    • Butenedioic Acids

      • Thermolysis

      • Addition of Br₂

        • Maleic Acid

        • Fumaric Acid

      • With Dienes - Diels Alder Reactions

• β–Keto Esters

  • Synthesis

    • From Esters

      • The Claisen Condensation

      • The Dieckmann Condensation

    • From Malonate Esters and Acyl Chlorides

    • By Alcoholysis of Diketene

  • Reactions of β-Keto Esters

    • With Alkyl Halides - Alkylation of β-Keto Esters

      • Acidic Work-up

      • Basic Work-up

    • With Acyl Halides

    • Reaction With α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds - Michael Addition