IDENTIFICATION OF SURFACE FILMS ON ELECTRODES IN NON-AQUEOUS ELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS: SPECTROSCOPIC, ELECTRONIC AND MORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

  • Passivation of Surface Films: A General Phenomenon

  • Modes of Growth of Surface Films, and Their Transport Properties

  • On the Effect of the Electrolyte Solutions

  • The Role of the Cation in Surface Phenomena in Non-aqueous Electrolyte Solutions

  • On the Impact of the Electrode's Material

  • Some Comments on Applications

• Methods for Identification of Surface Films on Electrodes

  • Introductory Remarks

  • Fast Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)

  • Raman Spectroscopy

  • Ultraviolet, Visible Light (UV-Vis)

  • Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS), X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure (XANES)

  • X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES)

  • Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-rays (EDAX)

  • Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS)

  • Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance (EQCM)

  • X-ray Diffractometry (XRD)

  • NMR, ESR Spectroscopy

  • Scanning Probe Microscopies (AFM, STM)

  • The Use of UHV Systems for Identification of Surface Films Formed on Lithium

• The General Structure of Surface Films on Reactive Surfaces

  • Introduction

  • Surface Film Formation on Active Metals

  • Surface Film Formation on Non-reactive Metal and Carbon Electrodes

  • On Transport Properties of Surface Films

• Impedance Spectroscopy of Electrodes Covered by Surface Films

  • Introductory Remarks

  • Active Metal Electrodes

    • Lithium

    • Mg Electrodes

  • Non-active Metal Electrodes Polarized to Low Potentials

• Identification of Surface Films Formed on Lithium and Non-active Electrode Polarized to Low Potentials in Li Salt Solutions

  • The Preparation of a Library of FTIR Spectra

  • Identification of Surface Films Formed on Li Electrodes in Ether Solutions

  • Identification of Surface Films Formed on Li and Non-active Electrodes at Low Potentials in Ester Solutions

  • Identification of Surface Films Formed on Li and Non-active Metals at Low Potentials in Alkyl Carbonate Solutions

  • The Impact of Salt Anions and Contaminant Reactions on the Surface Chemistry of Lithium and Noble Metal Electrodes in Non-aqueous Li Salt Solutions

  • On Surface Films Formed on Li Electrodes in Polymeric Electrolytes

• Surface Films on Lithiated Carbon Electrodes

  • Introductory Remarks: Surface Film Formation on Carbon Electrodes, the Influence of the Type of Carbon, and the Impact of the Surface Films on Li Insertion Processes

  • On the Identification of Surface Films Formed on Lithiated Graphite Electrodes

  • On the Correlation Between the Performance of Lithiated Graphite Anodes and Their Surface Chemistry

• Surface Studies of Lithium and Lithiated Carbon Electrodes by Scanning Probe Microscopy

  • Imaging of Li Electrodes by AFM

  • Graphite Electrodes

• About Surface Film Formation on Transition Metal Oxide Cathodes in Non-aqueous Salt Solution

• Identification of Surface Films on Calcium and Magnesium Electrodes

• Concluding Remarks

• References