Techniques for Studying the Conductivity and Transport Behaviour in Ionic and Mixed Ionic/Electronic Materials
As discussed in Chapters 11 and 12, the total conductivity of a material depends upon its resistance, which in the case of polycrystalline materials includes both bulk resistance and grain boundary resistance. The resistance of the material is very much dependent upon a number of factors, including the type of system, grain size, percentage of impurities present, porosity of the sintered material in the case of ceramic systems, and state of stress. There are a number of techniques available for measuring the value of the resistivity, and hence the value of conductivity. Some of the techniques can also be used to determine the separate contributions of various polarisation processes in the system, such as the kinetics of the electrode reactions in an electrolytic cell.