Velocity and Position Distributions of Molecules in a Gas

The following sections are included:

• Avogadro's law, or the equation of state of an ideal gas

• Temperature and thermal equilibrium

• Equipartition of energy per molecule and its constituent parts — a fundamental problem

• The density in an isothermal atmosphere — the Boltzmann factor in the potential energy

• The Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution

• Averages and distributions