SPINAL CORD STIMULATION FOR RESTORING LOWER EXTREMITY FUNCTION

The task of restoring standing and stepping in paraplegia using conventional functional electrical stimulation techniques has been very challenging. Both functions require the coordinated activation of several muscles, thereby necessitating the implantation of multiple intramuscular or epinerual electrodes throughout the limbs and the subcutaneous tunneling of long leads towards a common stimulator. This chapter discusses the development and potential future use of two novel electrical stimulation systems for restoring motor function to the lower extremities; namely, leadless injectable intramuscular stimulators (BIONs) and intraspinal microstimulation (ISMS). The current status of each system is presented with special emphasis given to ISMS.