Resistance to Infection in Humans and Animal Models

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Patterns of Human Infection in Schistosomiasis Endemic Areas

• Evidence for Immunity to Infection in Untreated Human Populations

• Treatment–Reinfection Population Studies in Schistosomiasis Endemic Areas

• The Influence of Exposure in Patterns of Infection

• Acquired Versus Innate Resistance to Reinfection

• Acquired Immunity; Age per se or Cumulated Experience of Infection

• Immunological Correlates of Resistance to Reinfection

• Schistosome Antigens Associated with Human Resistance to Reinfection

• Factors That Influence the Expression of Potentially Protective Immune Responses

• Genetic Analysis of Human Resistance to Reinfection

• What Is the Relationship Between Schistosomiasis Age–Infection Profiles and Acquired Immunity?

• Why Use Experimental Animals?

• Innate Resistance to Schistosomes in Animal Models

• Resistance to Reinfection Induced by Normal Infections

  • Schistosoma mansoni in Rodent Models

  • Schistosoma haematobium in Rodent Models

  • Schistosoma bovis in Rodents and Other Animals

  • Schistosoma japonicum in Rodent Models

  • Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium in Primate Models

• Resistance Induced by the Radiation-Attenuated (RA) Vaccine

  • RA Vaccine-Induced Resistance to Schistosoma mansoni in Rodent Models

  • RA-Vaccine-Induced Resistance to S. haematobium and S. bovis in Rodent and Other Animal Species

  • RA-Vaccine-Induced Resistance to S. japonicum in Rodent and Other Animal Species

  • RA-Vaccine-Induced Resistance to Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium in Primate Models

• Resistance Induced by Native and Recombinant Schistosome Antigens

  • Glutathione S-Transferases

  • Triose Phosphate Isomerase (TPI)

  • Sm14

  • Sm23

  • Myosin Heavy Chain (IrV-5)

  • Paramyosin

  • Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G3PDH)

  • Calpain

  • Other Candidate Vaccine Antigens

• Conclusions

• Acknowledgments

• References