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Observation of Bose-Einstein Condensation in a Dilute Atomic Vapor

JILA, Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics, University of Colorado, 440 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0440, USA

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070, USA

Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA

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JILA, Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics, University of Colorado, 440 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0440, USA

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070, USA

Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA

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,

JILA, Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics, University of Colorado, 440 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0440, USA

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070, USA

Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA

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,

JILA, Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics, University of Colorado, 440 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0440, USA

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070, USA

Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA

To whom correspondence should be addressed.

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Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA

Quantum Physics Division, NIST, JILA-NIST, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA

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https://doi.org/10.1142/9789812813787_0062Cited by:4 (Source: Crossref)

Abstract:

A Bose-Einstein condensate was produced in a vapor of rubidium-87 atoms that was confined by magnetic fields and evaporatively cooled. The condensate fraction first appeared near a temperature of 170 nanokelvin and a number density of 2.5 × 10¹² per cubic centimeter and could be preserved for more than 15 seconds. Three primary signatures of Bose–Einstein condensation were seen. (i) On top of a broad thermal velocity distribution, a narrow peak appeared that was centered at zero velocity. (ii) The fraction of the atoms that were in this low-velocity peak increased abruptly as the sample temperature was lowered. (iii) The peak exhibited a nonthermal, anisotropic velocity distribution expected of the minimum-energy quantum state of the magnetic trap in contrast to the isotropic, thermal velocity distribution observed in the broad uncondensed fraction.