Chapter Seven: Growth after the Empire

In the twentieth century, the Westernisation Movement continued to grow under the Republican rule on the mainland until 1949. It was replaced by what essentially was ‘Soviet/Russian learning as the foundation and Soviet/Russian knowledge for utility’ under Mao Zedong, and then by ‘Soviet/Russian learning as the foundation with Chinese characteristics’ under Deng Xiaoping. In offshore Taiwan, the same ‘Chinese learning as the foundation and Western knowledge for utility’ perpetuated, while in Hong Kong the model was ‘Western learning as the foundation and Western knowledge for utility’. China thus ran three system after 1949.