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The Nambu–Goldstone theorem in nonrelativistic systems

Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan

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https://doi.org/10.1142/S0217751X17501275Cited by:14 (Source: Crossref)

Abstract

In nonrelativistic systems, when there is spontaneous symmetry breaking, the number of Nambu–Goldstone bosons $(n_{NG})$ $(n_{NG})$ are not necessarily equal to the number of broken generators $(n_{BG})$ $(n_{BG})$ . Here we use the method of operators for analyzing the necessary conditions in order to obtain the correct dispersion relation for the Nambu–Goldstone bosons.

Keywords:

PACS: 11.30.Qc, 11.10.-z, 03.70.+k

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