Studies on the rogue waves of a (3 + 1)-dimensional Gross–Pitaevskii equation in the Bose–Einstein condensation
Abstract
On the basis of the application in the Bose–Einstein condensation, we investigate a (3 + 1)-dimensional Gross–Pitaevskii equation with distributed time-dependent coefficients. With the aid of the Kadomtsev–Petviashvili hierarchy reduction method, we construct the Nth-order rogue-wave solutions in terms of the Gram determinant by introducing appropriate constraints. Using different coefficients for the diffraction β(t) and gain/loss γ(t), we demonstrate the behaviors of the first- and second-order rogue waves by analytical and graphical means. We find that only if γ(t)=3β(t), the rogue waves appear on the constant backgrounds; otherwise, the heights of the backgrounds change as time goes on. With the different choices of β(t) and γ(t), the long-live, rapid-reducing and periodic rogue waves are discussed. The separated and aggregated second-order rogue waves are also shown on the constant and periodical backgrounds.
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