Abstract
Laser ablation in liquid (LAL) has emerged over the past decade as a powerful technique for the synthesis of nanomaterials and the fabrication of functional nanostructures. Its ability to tackle diverse challenges in nanotechnology highlights its growing significance. This review systematically evaluates recent advancements in LAL, focusing on the synthesis of nanocrystals and nanostructures. We begin by outlining the fundamental principles of the LAL process, with particular attention to critical laser parameters such as pulse wavelength, duration, pulse width, repetition rate, energy density (fluence) and the characteristics of the ablation medium. The review then explores the mechanisms that govern nanoparticle formation, with an emphasis on the control of particle shape and size during synthesis. Recent studies on LAL-generated nanomaterials, including bismuth oxide (Bi2O3), silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) and germanium nanoparticles (Ge NPs), are discussed, highlighting their applications in ultraviolet photodetection. Key advantages of LAL, along with its limitations, are critically assessed, and potential strategies for overcoming these challenges are proposed. We conclude by identifying future research directions that will help advance the application of LAL in nanotechnology, particularly in the field of UV photodetectors.
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