COMBED 3-MANIFOLDS WITH CONCAVE BOUNDARY, FRAMED LINKS, AND PSEUDO-LEGENDRIAN LINKS

We provide combinatorial realizations, according to the usual objects/moves scheme, of the following three topological categories: (1) pairs (M, v) where M is a 3-manifold (up to diffeomorphism) and v is a (non-singular vector) field, up to homotopy; here possibly ∂M≠∅, and v may be tangent to ∂M, but only in a concave fashion, and homotopy should preserve tangency type; (2) framed links L in M, up to framed isotopy; (3) triples (M, v, L), with (M, v) as above and L transversal to v, up to pseudo-Legendrian isotopy (transverality-preserving simultaneous homotopy of v and isotopy of L). All realizations are based on the notion of branched standard spine, and build on results previously obtained, Links are encoded by means of diagrams on branched spines, where the diagram is C¹ with respect to the branching. Several motivations for being interested in combinatorial realizations of the topological categories considered in this paper are given in the introduction. The encoding of links is suitable for the comparison of the framed and the pseudo-Legendrian categories, and some applications are given in connection with contact structures, torsion and finite-order invariants. An estension of Trace's notion of winding number of a knot diagram is introduced and discussed.