Review PaperOpen Access

Physics of superluminous supernovae

Ke-Jung Chen

Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan

E-mail Address: kjchen@asiaa.sinica.edu.tw

https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218271821300019Cited by:6 (Source: Crossref)

Abstract

Understanding how massive stars die as supernovae (SNe) is a crucial question in modern astrophysics. SNe are powerful stellar explosions and key drivers in the cosmic baryonic cycles by injecting their explosion energy and heavy elements to the interstellar medium that forms new stars. After decades of effort, astrophysicists have built up a stand model for the explosion mechanism of massive stars. However, this model is challenged by new kinds of stellar explosions discovered in the recent transit surveys. In particular, the new population called superluminous SNe, which are a hundred times brighter than typical SNe, is revolutionizing our understanding of SNe. New studies suggest the superluminous SNe are associated with the unusual demise of very massive stars and their extreme SNe powered by the radioactive isotopes or compact objects formed after the explosion. Studying these SNe fills a gap of knowledge between the death of massive stars and their explosions; furthermore, we may apply their intense luminosity to light up the distant universe. This paper aims to provide a timely review of superluminous SNe physics, focusing on the latest development of their theoretical models.

Keywords:

You currently do not have access to the full text article.
Recommend the journal to your library today!

References

1. H. A. Bethe, Rev. Mod. Phys. 62 (1990) 801. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
2. D. Arnett, Supernovae and Nucleosynthesis: An Investigation of the History of Matter, From the Big Bang to the Present (Princeton University Press, 1996). Google Scholar
3. S. E. Woosley, A. Heger and T. A. Weaver, Rev. Mod. Phys. 74 (2002) 1015. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
4. S. Chandrasekhar, Principles of Stellar Dynamics (New York, Dover, 1960), Enlarged edn. Google Scholar
5. G. Aldering, G. Adam, P. Antilogus, P. Astier, R. Bacon, S. Bongard, C. Bonnaud, Y. Copin, D. Hardin, F. Henault, D. A. Howell, J.-P. Lemonnier, J.-M. Levy, S. C. Loken, P. E. Nugent, R. Pain, A. Pecontal, E. Pecontal, S. Perlmutter, R. M. Quimby, K. Schahmaneche, G. Smadja and W. M. Wood-Vasey, Overview of the nearby supernova factory, in Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series, eds. J. A. Tyson and S. Wolff (eds.), Survey and Other Telescope Technologies and Discoveries, Proceedings of the SPIE, Volume 4836 (2002), pp. 61–72. Google Scholar
6. W. M. Wood-Vasey, G. Aldering, B. C. Lee, S. Loken, P. Nugent, S. Perlmutter, J. Siegrist, L. Wang, P. Antilogus, P. Astier, D. Hardin, R. Pain, Y. Copin, G. Smadja, E. Gangler, A. Castera, G. Adam, R. Bacon, J.-P. Lemonnier, A. Pécontal, E. Pécontal and R. Kessler, Nature 48 (2004) 637, arXiv:astro-ph/0401513. Google Scholar
7. N. M. Law, S. R. Kulkarni, R. G. Dekany, E. O. Ofek, R. M. Quimby, P. E. Nugent, J. Surace, C. C. Grillmair, J. S. Bloom, M. M. Kasliwal, L. Bildsten, T. Brown, S. B. Cenko, D. Ciardi, E. Croner, S. G. Djorgovski, J. van Eyken, A. V. Filippenko, D. B. Fox, A. Gal-Yam, D. Hale, N. Hamam, G. Helou, J. Henning, D. A. Howell, J. Jacobsen, R. Laher, S. Mattingly, D. McKenna, A. Pickles, D. Poznanski, G. Rahmer, A. Rau, W. Rosing, M. Shara, R. Smith, D. Starr, M. Sullivan, V. Velur, R. Walters and J. Zolkower, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 121 (2009) 1395, arXiv:0906.5350 [astro-ph.IM]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
8. A. Rau, S. R. Kulkarni, N. M. Law, J. S. Bloom, D. Ciardi, G. S. Djorgovski, D. B. Fox, A. Gal-Yam, C. C. Grillmair, M. M. Kasliwal, P. E. Nugent, E. O. Ofek, R. M. Quimby, W. T. Reach, M. Shara, L. Bildsten, S. B. Cenko, A. J. Drake, A. V. Filippenko, D. J. Helfand, G. Helou, D. A. Howell, D. Poznanski and M. Sullivan, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 121 (2009) 1334, arXiv:0906.5355 [astro-ph.CO]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
9. N. Smith and R. McCray, Astrophys. J. 671 (2007) L17, arXiv:0710.3428. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
10. R. M. Quimby, G. Aldering, J. C. Wheeler, P. Höflich, C. W. Akerlof and E. S. Rykoff, Astrophys. J. 668 (2007) L99, arXiv:0709.0302. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
11. R. M. Quimby, S. R. Kulkarni, M. M. Kasliwal, A. Gal-Yam, I. Arcavi, M. Sullivan, P. Nugent, R. Thomas, D. A. Howell, E. Nakar, L. Bildsten, C. Theissen, N. M. Law, R. Dekany, G. Rahmer, D. Hale, R. Smith, E. O. Ofek, J. Zolkower, V. Velur, R. Walters, J. Henning, K. Bui, D. McKenna, D. Poznanski, S. B. Cenko and D. Levitan, Nature 474 (2011) 487, arXiv:0910.0059 [astro-ph.CO]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
12. A. V. Filippenko, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 35 (1997) 309. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
13. S. J. Smartt, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 47 (2009) 63, arXiv:0908.0700 [astro-ph.SR]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
14. A. Gal-Yam, Science 337 (2012) 927, arXiv:1208.3217 [astro-ph.CO]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
15. T. J. Moriya, E. I. Sorokina and R. A. Chevalier, Space Sci. Rev. 214 (2018) 59, arXiv:1803.01875 [astro-ph.HE]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
16. A. Gal-Yam, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 57 (2019) 305, arXiv:1812.01428 [astro-ph.HE]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
17. D. Kasen and L. Bildsten, Astrophys. J. 717 (2010) 245, arXiv:0911.0680 [astro-ph.HE]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
18. S. E. Woosley, Astrophys. J. 719 (2010) L204, arXiv:0911.0698 [astro-ph.HE]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
19. R. Chevalier and J. M. Blondin, Astrophys. J. 444 (1995) 312. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
20. T. Moriya, N. Tominaga, M. Tanaka, K. Maeda and K. Nomoto, Astrophys. J. 717 (2010) L83, arXiv:1004.2967 [astro-ph.HE]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
21. E. Chatzopoulos, J. C. Wheeler, J. Vinko, R. Quimby, E. L. Robinson, A. A. Miller, R. J. Foley, D. A. Perley, F. Yuan, C. Akerlof and J. S. Bloom, Astrophys. J. 729 (2011) 143, arXiv:1101.3581 [astro-ph.HE]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
22. R. A. Chevalier and C. M. Irwin, Astrophys. J. 729 (2011) L6, arXiv:1101.1111 [astro-ph.HE]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
23. T. J. Moriya, S. I. Blinnikov, N. Tominaga, N. Yoshida, M. Tanaka, K. Maeda and K. Nomoto, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 428 (2013) 1020, arXiv:1204.6109 [astro-ph.HE]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
24. R. C. Duncan and C. Thompson, Astrophys. J. 392 (1992) L9. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
25. C. Thompson and R. C. Duncan, Astrophys. J. 408 (1993) 194. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
26. C. Kouveliotou, S. Dieters, T. Strohmayer, J. van Paradijs, G. J. Fishman, C. A. Meegan, K. Hurley, J. Kommers, I. Smith, D. Frail and T. Murakami, Nature 393 (1998) 235. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
27. J. C. Wheeler, I. Yi, P. Höflich and L. Wang, Astrophys. J. 537 (2000) 810, arXiv:astro-ph/9909293. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
28. T. A. Thompson, P. Chang and E. Quataert, Astrophys. J. 611 (2004) 380, arXiv:astro-ph/0401555. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
29. B. D. Metzger, D. Giannios, T. A. Thompson, N. Bucciantini and E. Quataert, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 413 (2011) 2031, arXiv:1012.0001 [astro-ph.HE]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
30. B. D. Metzger, B. Margalit, D. Kasen and E. Quataert, on. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 454 (2015) 3311, arXiv:1508.02712 [astro-ph.HE]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
31. K. Maeda, M. Tanaka, K. Nomoto, N. Tominaga, K. Kawabata, P. A. Mazzali, H. Umeda, T. Suzuki and T. Hattori, Astrophys. J. 666 (2007) 1069, arXiv:0705.2713. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
32. S. E. Woosley, Astrophys. J. 719 (2010) L204, arXiv:0911.0698 [astro-ph.HE]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
33. D. Kasen and L. Bildsten, Astrophys. J. 717 (2010) 245, arXiv:0911.0680 [astro-ph.HE]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
34. R. M. Quimby, S. R. Kulkarni, M. M. Kasliwal, A. Gal-Yam, I. Arcavi, M. Sullivan, P. Nugent, R. Thomas, D. A. Howell, E. Nakar, L. Bildsten, C. Theissen, N. M. Law, R. Dekany, G. Rahmer, D. Hale, R. Smith, E. O. Ofek, J. Zolkower, V. Velur, R. Walters, J. Henning, K. Bui, D. McKenna, D. Poznanski, S. B. Cenko and D. Levitan, Nature 474 (2011) 487, arXiv:0910.0059 [astro-ph.CO]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
35. A. Gal-Yam, Science 337 (2012) 927, arXiv:1208.3217. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
36. C. Inserra, S. J. Smartt, A. Jerkstrand, S. Valenti, M. Fraser, D. Wright, K. Smith, T.-W. Chen, R. Kotak, A. Pastorello, M. Nicholl, F. Bresolin, R. P. Kudritzki, S. Benetti, M. T. Botticella, W. S. Burgett, K. C. Chambers, M. Ergon, H. Flewelling, J. P. U. Fynbo, S. Geier, K. W. Hodapp, D. A. Howell, M. Huber, N. Kaiser, G. Leloudas, L. Magill, E. A. Magnier, M. G. McCrum, N. Metcalfe, P. A. Price, A. Rest, J. Sollerman, W. Sweeney, F. Taddia, S. Taubenberger, J. L. Tonry, R. J. Wainscoat, C. Waters and D. Young, Astrophys. J. 770 (2013) 128, arXiv:1304.3320 [astro-ph.HE]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
37. C. Inserra, M. Bulla, S. A. Sim and S. J. Smartt, Astrophys. J. 831 (2016) 79, arXiv:1607.02353 [astro-ph.HE]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
38. C. Inserra, M. Nicholl, T.-W. Chen, A. Jerkstrand, S. J. Smartt, T. Krühler, J. P. Anderson, C. Baltay, M. Della Valle, M. Fraser, A. Gal-Yam, L. Galbany, E. Kankare, K. Maguire, D. Rabinowitz, K. Smith, S. Valenti and D. R. Young, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 468 (2017) 4642, arXiv:1701.00941 [astro-ph.HE]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
39. B. Margalit, B. D. Metzger, E. Berger, M. Nicholl, T. Eftekhari and R. Margutti, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 481 (2018) 2407, arXiv:1806.05690 [astro-ph.HE]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
40. M. Nicholl, E. Berger, P. K. Blanchard, S. Gomez and R. Chornock, Astrophys. J. 871 (2019) 102, arXiv:1808.00510 [astro-ph.HE]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
41. R. Margutti, B. D. Metzger, R. Chornock, I. Vurm, N. Roth, B. W. Grefenstette, V. Savchenko, R. Cartier, J. F. Steiner, G. Terreran, B. Margalit, G. Migliori, D. Milisavljevic, K. D. Alexander, M. Bietenholz, P. K. Blanchard, E. Bozzo, D. Brethauer, I. V. Chilingarian, D. L. Coppejans, L. Ducci, C. Ferrigno, W. Fong, D. Götz, C. Guidorzi, A. Hajela, K. Hurley, E. Kuulkers, P. Laurent, S. Mereghetti, M. Nicholl, D. Patnaude, P. Ubertini, J. Banovetz, N. Bartel, E. Berger, E. R. Coughlin, T. Eftekhari, D. D. Frederiks, A. V. Kozlova, T. Laskar, D. S. Svinkin, M. R. Drout, A. MacFadyen and K. Paterson, Astrophys. J. 872 (2019) 18, arXiv:1810.10720 [astro-ph.HE]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
42. D. Kasen, B. D. Metzger and L. Bildsten, Astrophys. J. 821 (2016) 36, arXiv:1507.03645 [astro-ph.HE]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
43. T. J. Moriya, T.-W. Chen and N. Langer, Astrophys. J. 835 (2017) 177, arXiv:1612.06917 [astro-ph.HE]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
44. L. Dessart, Astron. Astrophys. 610 (2018) L10, arXiv:1801.05340 [astro-ph.HE]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
45. L. Dessart, Astron. Astrophys. 621 (2019) A141, arXiv:1812.03749 [astro-ph.SR]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
46. R. A. Chevalier, Astrophys. J 259 (1982) L85. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
47. R. A. Chevalier and C. Fransson, Astrophys. J. 395 (1992) 540. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
48. B.-I. Jun, Astrophys. J. 499 (1998) 282, arXiv:astro-ph/9712054. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
49. J. M. Blondin, R. A. Chevalier and D. M. Frierson, Astrophys. J. 563 (2001) 806, arXiv:astro-ph/0107076. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
50. R. A. Chevalier and C. M. Irwin, Astrophys. J. 729 (2011) L6, arXiv:1101.1111 [astro-ph.HE]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
51. K.-J. Chen, S. E. Woosley and T. Sukhbold, Astrophys. J 832 (2016) 73, arXiv:1604.07989 [astro-ph.HE]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
52. J. M. Blondin and R. A. Chevalier, Astrophys. J 845 (2017) 139, arXiv:1707.07021 [astro-ph.HE]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
53. A. Suzuki and K. Maeda, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 466 (2017) 2633, arXiv:1612.03911 [astro-ph.HE]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
54. A. Suzuki and K. Maeda, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 478 (2018) 110, arXiv:1804.05397 [astro-ph.HE]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
55. K.-J. Chen, S. E. Woosley and D. J. Whalen, Astrophys. J. 893 (2020) 99, arXiv:1904.12875 [astro-ph.HE]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
56. Z. Barkat, G. Rakavy and N. Sack, Phys. Rev. Lett. 18 (1967) 379. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
57. S. E. Woosley, Astrophys. J. 863 (2018) 105, arXiv:1801.08666 [astro-ph.HE]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
58. S. E. Woosley, S. Blinnikov and A. Heger, Nature 450 (2007) 390, arXiv:0710.3314. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
59. T. A. Weaver, G. B. Zimmerman and S. E. Woosley, Astrophys. J. 225 (1978) 1021. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
60. A. Heger, S. E. Woosley, G. Martínez-Pinedo and K. Langanke, Astrophys. J. 560 (2001) 307, arXiv:astro-ph/0011507. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
61. S. I. Blinnikov, F. K. Röpke, E. I. Sorokina, M. Gieseler, M. Reinecke, C. Travaglio, W. Hillebrandt and M. Stritzinger, Astron. Astrophys. 453 (2006) 229, arXiv:astro-ph/0603036. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
62. N. Smith, W. Li, R. J. Foley, J. C. Wheeler, D. Pooley, R. Chornock, A. V. Filippenko, J. M. Silverman, R. Quimby, J. S. Bloom and C. Hansen, Astrophys. J. 666 (2007) 1116, arXiv:astro-ph/0612617. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
63. D. J. Whalen, J. Smidt, W. Even, S. E. Woosley, A. Heger, M. Stiavelli and C. L. Fryer, arXiv:1311.1221 [astro-ph.CO]. Google Scholar
64. K.-J. Chen, S. Woosley, A. Heger, A. Almgren and D. J. Whalen, Astrophys. J. 792 (2014) 28, arXiv:1402.4134 [astro-ph.HE]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
65. K.-J. Chen and W. Zhang, arXiv:1904.12873 [astro-ph.HE]. Google Scholar
66. Z. Barkat, G. Rakavy and N. Sack, Phys. Rev. Lett. 18 (1967) 379. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
67. W. W. Ober, M. F. El Eid and K. J. Fricke, Astron. Astrophys. 119 (1983) 61. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
68. W. Glatzel, K. J. Fricke and M. F. El Eid, Astron. Astrophys. 149 (1985) 413. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
69. G. S. Stringfellow and S. E. Woosley, Dynamics and nucleosynthesis in rotating pair instability supernovae, in Origin and Distribution of the Elements, ed. G. J. Mathews, Proceedings of a meeting held 31 August–4 September, 1987 in New Orleans, LA, USA. (World Scientific Publishing, Singapore, 1988), p. 467. Google Scholar
70. A. Heger and S. E. Woosley, Astrophys. J. 567 (2002) 532, arXiv:astro-ph/0107037. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
71. A. Heger and S. E. Woosley, Astrophys. J. 724 (2010) 341, arXiv:0803.3161. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
72. E. Scannapieco, P. Madau, S. Woosley, A. Heger and A. Ferrara, Astrophys. J. 633 (2005) 1031, arXiv:astro-ph/0507182. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
73. C. C. Joggerst and D. J. Whalen, Astrophys. J. 728 (2011) 129, arXiv:1010.4360 [astro-ph.CO]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
74. D. Kasen, S. E. Woosley and A. Heger, Astrophys. J. 734 (2011) 102, arXiv:1101.3336 [astro-ph.HE]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
75. A. Kozyreva, S. Blinnikov, N. Langer and S.-C. Yoon, Astron. Astrophys. 565 (2014) A70, arXiv:1403.5212 [astro-ph.HE]. Web of Science, Google Scholar
76. A. Kozyreva and S. Blinnikov, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 454 (2015) 4357, arXiv:1510.00439 [astro-ph.HE]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
77. D. J. Whalen, J. Smidt, A. Heger, R. Hirschi, N. Yusof, W. Even, C. L. Fryer, M. Stiavelli, K.-J. Chen and C. C. Joggerst, Astrophys. J. 797 (2014) 9, arXiv:1312.5360 [astro-ph.HE]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
78. T. Hartwig, V. Bromm and A. Loeb, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 479 (2018) 2202, arXiv:1711.05742. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
79. K. Takahashi, T. Yoshida and H. Umeda, Astrophys. J. 857 (2018) 111, arXiv:1803.06630 [astro-ph.SR]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
80. K.-J. Chen, D. J. Whalen, K. M. J. Wollenberg, S. C. O. Glover and R. S. Klessen, Astrophys. J. 844 (2017) 111, arXiv:1610.00389 [astro-ph.GA]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
81. E. Chatzopoulos, D. R. van Rossum, W. J. Craig, D. J. Whalen, J. Smidt and B. Wiggins, Astrophys. J. 799 (2015) 18, arXiv:1410.0039 [astro-ph.HE]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
82. K.-J. Chen, Mod. Phys. Lett. A 30 (2015) 1530002, arXiv:1501.06953 [astro-ph.HE]. Link, Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
83. K. Chen, A. Heger and A. S. Almgren, Comput. Phys. Commun. 182 (2011) 254, arXiv:1006.2385 [astro-ph.HE]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
84. M. S. Gilmer, A. Kozyreva, R. Hirschi, C. Fröhlich and N. Yusof, Astrophys. J. 846 (2017) 100, arXiv:1706.07454 [astro-ph.SR]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
85. K.-J. Chen, Int. J. Mod. Phys. D 23 (2014) 1430008, arXiv:1407.7561 [astro-ph.HE]. Link, Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
86. K.-J. Chen, S. E. Woosley and D. J. Whalen, Astrophys. J. 897 (2020) 152, arXiv:1904.12877 [astro-ph.HE]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
87. N. Kaiser, H. Aussel, B. E. Burke, H. Boesgaard, K. Chambers, M. R. Chun, J. N. Heasley, K.-W. Hodapp, B. Hunt, R. Jedicke, D. Jewitt, R. Kudritzki, G. A. Luppino, M. Maberry, E. Magnier, D. G. Monet, P. M. Onaka, A. J. Pickles, P. H. H. Rhoads, T. Simon, A. Szalay, I. Szapudi, D. J. Tholen, J. L. Tonry, M. Waterson and J. Wick, Pan-STARRS: A Large Synoptic Survey Telescope Array, in the Society of Photographic Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series, Survey and Other Telescope Technologies and Discoveries. J. A. Tyson and S. Wolff (eds.), Proceedings of the SPIE, Vol. 4836 (2002), pp. 154–164. Google Scholar
88. K.-J. Chen, A. Heger, S. Woosley, A. Almgren and D. J. Whalen, Astrophys. J. 792 (2014) 44, arXiv:1402.5960 [astro-ph.HE]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
89. K.-J. Chen, A. Heger and A. S. Almgren, Astron. Comput. 34 (2013) 70. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
90. K.-J. Chen, S. E. Woosley and T. Sukhbold, Astrophys. J. 832 (2016) 73, arXiv:1604.07989 [astro-ph.HE]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
91. P. Mösta, C. D. Ott, D. Radice, L. F. Roberts, E. Schnetter and R. Haas, Nature 528 (2015) 376, arXiv:1512.00838 [astro-ph.HE]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
92. R. M. Humphreys and K. Davidson, Astrophys. J. 232 (1979) 409. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
93. K. Davidson and R. M. Humphreys, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 35 (1997) 1. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
94. P. A. Crowther, O. Schnurr, R. Hirschi, N. Yusof, R. J. Parker, S. P. Goodwin and H. A. Kassim, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 408 (2010) 731, arXiv:1007.3284 [astro-ph.SR]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
95. S. Hirano, T. Hosokawa, N. Yoshida, H. Umeda, K. Omukai, G. Chiaki and H. W. Yorke, Astrophys. J. 781 (2014) 60, arXiv:1308.4456 [astro-ph.CO]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
96. S. Hirano, T. Hosokawa, N. Yoshida, H. Umeda, K. Omukai, G. Chiaki and H. W. Yorke, Astrophys. J. 781 (2014) 60, arXiv:1308.4456 [astro-ph.CO]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
97. A. Gal-Yam, P. Mazzali, E. O. Ofek, P. E. Nugent, S. R. Kulkarni, M. M. Kasliwal, R. M. Quimby, A. V. Filippenko, S. B. Cenko, R. Chornock, A. J. Drake, R. C. Thomas, J. S. Bloom, D. Poznanski, A. A. Miller, R. J. Foley, J. M. Silverman, I. Arcavi, R. S. Ellis and J. Deng, Nature 462 (2009) 624, arXiv:1001.1156 [astro-ph.CO]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
98. J. Cooke, M. Sullivan, A. Gal-Yam, E. J. Barton, R. G. Carlberg, E. V. Ryan-Weber, C. Horst, Y. Omori and C. G. Díaz, Nature 491 (2012) 228, arXiv:1211.2003 [astro-ph.CO]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
99. G. Leloudas, E. Chatzopoulos, B. Dilday, J. Gorosabel, J. Vinko, A. Gallazzi, J. C. Wheeler, B. Bassett, J. A. Fischer, J. A. Frieman, J. P. U. Fynbo, A. Goobar, M. Jelínek, D. Malesani, R. C. Nichol, J. Nordin, L. Östman, M. Sako, D. P. Schneider, M. Smith, J. Sollerman, M. D. Stritzinger, C. C. Thöne and A. de Ugarte Postigo, Astron. Astrophys. 541 (2012) A129, arXiv:1201.5393 [astro-ph.SR]. Web of Science, Google Scholar
100. T. Pan, D. Kasen and A. Loeb, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 422 (2012) 2701, arXiv:1112.2710 [astro-ph.HE]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
101. D. J. Whalen, W. Even, L. H. Frey, J. Smidt, J. L. Johnson, C. C. Lovekin, C. L. Fryer, M. Stiavelli, D. E. Holz, A. Heger, S. E. Woosley and A. L. Hungerford, Astrophys. J. 777 (2013) 110, arXiv:1211.4979 [astro-ph.CO]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
102. D. J. Whalen, C. L. Fryer, D. E. Holz, A. Heger, S. E. Woosley, M. Stiavelli, W. Even and L. H. Frey, Astrophys. J. 762 (2013) L6, arXiv:1209.3457 [astro-ph.CO]. Web of Science, Google Scholar
103. D. J. Whalen, W. Even, C. C. Lovekin, C. L. Fryer, M. Stiavelli, P. W. A. Roming, J. Cooke, T. A. Pritchard, D. E. Holz and C. Knight, Astrophys. J. 768 (2013) 195, arXiv:1302.0436 [astro-ph.CO]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
104. J. A. Hummel, A. H. Pawlik, M. Milosavljević and V. Bromm, Astrophys. J. 755 (2012) 72, arXiv:1112.5207 [astro-ph.CO]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
105. T. Abel, G. L. Bryan and M. L. Norman, Science 295 (2002) 93, arXiv:astro-ph/0112088. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
106. M. J. Turk, T. Abel and B. O’Shea, Science 325 (2009) 601, arXiv:0907.2919 [astro-ph.CO]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
107. C. C. Joggerst, A. Almgren, J. Bell, A. Heger, D. Whalen and S. E. Woosley, Astrophys. J. 709 (2010) 11, arXiv:0907.3885 [astro-ph.CO]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
108. D. J. Whalen, C. C. Joggerst, C. L. Fryer, M. Stiavelli, A. Heger and D. E. Holz, Astrophys. J. 768 (2013) 95, arXiv:1209.5459 [astro-ph.CO]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
109. D. J. Whalen, W. Even, J. Smidt, A. Heger, K.-J. Chen, C. L. Fryer, M. Stiavelli, H. Xu and C. C. Joggerst, Astrophys. J. 778 (2013) 17, arXiv:1211.1815 [astro-ph.CO]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
110. J. L. Johnson, D. J. Whalen, W. Even, C. L. Fryer, A. Heger, J. Smidt and K.-J. Chen, arXiv:1304.4601 [astro-ph.CO]. Google Scholar
111. V. Bromm, N. Yoshida, L. Hernquist and C. F. McKee, Nature 459 (2009) 49, arXiv:0905.0929 [astro-ph.CO]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
112. S. Glover, The First Stars, in Astrophysics and Space Science Library, eds. T. Wiklind, B. Mobasher and V. Bromm, Astrophysics and Space Science Library, Vol. 396 (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2013), p. 103, arXiv:1209.2509 [astro-ph.CO]. Google Scholar
113. D. J. Whalen, Acta Polytechnica, Vol. 53, Supplement, p. 573, arXiv:1209.4688 [astro-ph.CO]. Google Scholar
114. V. Bromm and N. Yoshida, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 49 (2011) 373, arXiv:1102.4638 [astro-ph.CO]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
115. D. Whalen, T. Abel and M. L. Norman, Astrophys. J. 610 (2004) 14, arXiv:astro-ph/0310283. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
116. J. Mackey, V. Bromm and L. Hernquist, Astrophys. J. 586 (2003) 1, arXiv:astro-ph/0208447. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
117. B. D. Smith and S. Sigurdsson, Astrophys. J. 661 (2007) L5, arXiv:0704.0477. Web of Science, Google Scholar
118. B. D. Smith, M. J. Turk, S. Sigurdsson, B. W. O’Shea and M. L. Norman, Astrophys. J. 691 (2009) 441, arXiv:0806.1653. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
119. J. S. Ritter, C. Safranek-Shrader, O. Gnat, M. Milosavljević and V. Bromm, Astrophys. J. 761 (2012) 56, arXiv:1203.2957 [astro-ph.CO]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
120. C. Safranek-Shrader, M. Milosavljevic and V. Bromm, arXiv:1307.1982 [astro-ph.CO]. Google Scholar
121. M. Volonteri, Science 337 (2012) 544, arXiv:1208.1106 [astro-ph.CO]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar
122. T. E. Woods, B. Agarwal, V. Bromm, A. Bunker, K.-J. Chen, S. Chon, A. Ferrara, S. C. O. Glover, L. Haemmerlé, Z. Haiman, T. Hartwig, A. Heger, S. Hirano, T. Hosokawa, K. Inayoshi, R. S. Klessen, C. Kobayashi, F. Koliopanos, M. A. Latif, Y. Li, L. Mayer, M. Mezcua, P. Natarajan, F. Pacucci, M. J. Rees, J. A. Regan, Y. Sakurai, S. Salvadori, R. Schneider, M. Surace, T. L. Tanaka, D. J. Whalen and N. Yoshida, Publ. Astron. Soc. Austral. 36 (2019) e027, arXiv:1810.12310 [astro-ph.GA]. Web of Science, ADS, Google Scholar

Vol. 30, No. 04

Metrics

Downloaded 277 times

History

Received 24 December 2020

Accepted 29 December 2020

Published: 11 March 2021

Information

This is an Open Access article published by World Scientific Publishing Company. It is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 (CC BY-NC) License which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original work is properly cited and is used for non-commercial purposes.

Keywords

PDF download

System Upgrade on Tue, May 28th, 2024 at 2am (EDT)

Physics of superluminous supernovae

Abstract

Recommended