No Access

Compressive Behavior of Concrete Subjected to High Rate of Loading Using SHPB

M. M. Khan

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3028-0627

Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee 247667, India

E-mail Address: mkhan@ce.iitr.ac.in

Corresponding author.

Search for more papers by this author

Kamran

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6456-3089

Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee 247667, India

Search for more papers by this author

, and

M. A. Iqbal

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3428-1395

Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee 247667, India

Search for more papers by this author

https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219455424400157Cited by:1 (Source: Crossref)

This article is part of the issue:

Special issue on Computational Structural Dynamics
Guest Editors: Saikat Sarkar and Tarun Kant

Abstract

Concrete is the most widely used construction material for strategic structures which are subjected to high rate of loading (impact and blast loading). Hence, the study of the concrete material becomes essential day by day for the structural engineers for the analysis and design of the concrete structures for safety and security purposes. This paper focuses on investigating the dynamic compressive response of the standard concrete (M35) and high-strength concrete (M60) under impact loading by using the newly developed split Hopkinson pressure bar setup (SHPB) apparatus. First, the calibration of SHPB performed at a 4.90ms $^{- 1}$ impact velocity generates almost similar incident and transmission trapezoidal profile waves with minor reflection showing accuracy. Second, the dynamic compression tests were performed on the standard concrete (SC) and high-strength concrete (HSC) specimens of 29.5mm in diameter and $\sim 30$ mm in length with an aspect ratio of about 1( $L / D \approx 1$ ) and a comparative study of strain rate effect and quasi-static compressive strength on the material properties has been investigated. The dynamic compression behavior of SC and HSC thus studied under varying strain rates has been presented in terms of the compressive strength, dynamic increase factor, stress–strain relationship, material failure, and fragmentation. Compressive strength increments of 114% and 41% were observed in SC and HSC as the loading condition changed from quasi-static to dynamic. In addition, the HSC described the $\sim 23$ % and $\sim 18$ % higher compressive strength corresponding to 290s $^{- 1}$ and 131s $^{- 1}$ strain rate as compared to SC describing that the HSC is more sensitive to the strain rate. The dynamic mechanical properties increased with an increase in the strain rate, and the DIFs were found to vary in the range of 1.42–2.14 and 1.07–1.41 for SC and HSC, respectively. The critical strain and ultimate strain were also found to be sensitive to strain rate and increased with increase in strain rate for both grades of concrete. Moreover, strain rates exert a noteworthy influence on fragmentation, leading to an increase in the percentage weight of fine fragments and a decrease in the percentage weight of large fragments as the strain rate increases. Additionally, there is an overall increase in the quantity of fragments for both SC and HSC specimens under these conditions. The flaky, elongated, angular, and irregular shape fragments were observed but their quantity and size varied significantly with strain rate.

Keywords:

Remember to check out the Most Cited Articles!
Remember to check out the structures

References

1. N. Burlion, F. Gatuingt, G. Pijaudier-Cabot and L. Daudeville , Compaction and tensile damage in concrete: Constitutive modelling and application to dynamics, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng. 183(3–4) (2000) 291–308. Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
2. M. Beppu, K. Miwa, M. Itoh, M. Katayama and T. Ohno , Damage evaluation of concrete plates by high-velocity impact, Int. J. Impact Eng. 35(12) (2008). Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
3. F. Gao, C. Song, G. Li, G. Zhang, S. Deng, Z. Wang and C. Liu , Experimental and analytical study on the penetration depth of mortar targets subjected to projectile impact in the hypervelocity regime, Int. J. Struct. Stab. Dyn. 22(06) (2022) 2250069. Link, Web of Science, Google Scholar
4. W. W. Chen and B. Song , Split Hopkinson (Kolsky) Bar: Design, Testing and Applications (Springer Science & Business Media, 2010). Google Scholar
5. B. Song, K. Connelly, J. Korellis, W. Y. Lu and B. R. Antoun , Improved Kolsky-bar design for mechanical characterization of materials at high strain rates, Measur. Sci. Technol. 20(11) (2009) 115701. Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
6. P. H. Bischoff and S. H. Perry , Compressive behavior of concrete at high strain rates, Mater. Struct. 24(6) (1991) 425–450. Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
7. C. A. Ross, J. W. Tedesco and S. T. Kuennen , Effects of strain rate on concrete strength, Mater. J. 92(1) (1995) 37–47. Google Scholar
8. Q. M. Li and H. Meng , About the dynamic strength enhancement of concrete-like materials in a split Hopkinson pressure bar test, Int. J. Solids Struct. 40(2) (2003) 343–360. Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
9. X. Chen, S. Wu and J. Zhou , Experimental and modeling study of dynamic mechanical properties of cement paste, mortar and concrete, Construct. Build. Mater. 47 (2013) 419–430. Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
10. S. Lee, K. M. Kim, J. Park and J. Y. Cho , Pure rate effect on the concrete compressive strength in the split Hopkinson pressure bar test, Int. J. Impact Eng. 113 (2018) 191–202. Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
11. Y. B. Guo, G. F. Gao, L. Jing and V. P. W. Shim , Response of high-strength concrete to dynamic compressive loading, Int. J. Impact Eng. 108 (2017) 114–135. Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
12. E. A. Flores-Johnson and Q. M. Li , Structural effects on compressive strength enhancement of concrete-like materials in a split Hopkinson pressure bar test, Int. J. Impact Eng. 109 (2017) 408–418. Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
13. B. Song et al., Improved Kolsky-bar design for mechanical characterization of materials at high strain rates, Measur. Sci. Technol. 20(11) (2009) 115701. Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
14. L. Gunawan et al., Numerical simulation for bar straightness effect in split hopkinson pressure bar, Procedia Eng. 173 (2017) 615–622. Crossref, Google Scholar
15. Z. A. Mohd Adnan et al., Misalignment effect of Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB), J. Mech. Eng. (2019) 140–152. Google Scholar
16. IS: 10262:2019 Concrete Mix Proportioning — Guidelines. Google Scholar
17. IS: 456:2000 Plain and Reinforced Concrete Code of Practise. Google Scholar
18. H. Kolsky , An investigation of the mechanical properties of materials at very high rates of loading, Proc. Phys. Soc. B 62(11) (1949) 676, https://doi.org/10.1088/0370-1301/62/11/302. Crossref, Google Scholar
19. J. F. Georgin and J. M. Reynouard , Modeling of structures subjected to impact: Concrete behaviour under high strain rate, Cement Concr. Compos. 25(1) (2003) 131–143, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-9465(01)00060-9. Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
20. A. G. Bazle, Split Hopkinson pressure bar technique: Experiments, analyses and applications, United States, the Faculty of the University of Delaware, Spring (2004). Google Scholar
21. E. D. H. Davies and S. C. Hunter , The dynamic compression testing of solids by the method of the split Hopkinson pressure bar, J. Mech. Phys. Solids 11 (1963) 155–179. Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
22. I. Jawed, G. Childs, A. Ritter, S. Winzer, T. Johnson and D. Barker , High-strain-rate behavior of hydrated cement pastes, Cem. Concr. Res. 17 (1987) 433–440. Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
23. D. L. Grote, S. W. Park and M. Zhou , Dynamic behavior of concrete at high strain rates and pressures: I. experimental characterization, Int. J. Impact Eng. 25(9) (2001) 869-886, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0734-743X(01)00020-3. Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
24. T. Tang and H. Saadatmanesh , Behavior of concrete beams strengthened with fiber-reinforced polymer laminates under impact loading, J. Compos. Construct. 7(3) (2003) 209-218, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2003)7:3(209). Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
25. M. Hassan and K. Wille , Experimental impact analysis on ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) for achieving stress equilibrium (SE) and constant strain rate (CSR) in Split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) using pulse shaping technique, Construct. Build. Materi. 144 (2017) 747–757, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.185. Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
26. D. J. Frew, M. J. Forrestal and W. Chen , Pulse shaping techniques for testing brittle materials with a split Hopkinson pressure bar, Exp. Mech. 42(1) (2002) 93–106. Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
27. M. Zhang, H. J. Wu, Q. M. Li and F. L. Huang , Further investigation on the dynamic compressive strength enhancement of concrete-like materials based on split Hopkinson pressure bar tests. Part I: Experiments, Int. J. Impact Eng. 36 (2009) 1327–1334, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2009.04.009. Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
28. Y. Hao and H. Hao , Dynamic compressive behaviour of spiral steel fibre reinforced concrete in split Hopkinson pressure bar tests, Construct. Build. Mater. 48 (2013) 521–532, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.07.022. Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
29. M. A. Iqbal , A new material model for concrete subjected to high rate of loading, Int. J. Impact Eng. (2023) 104673. Web of Science, Google Scholar
30. M. M. Khan and M. A. Iqbal , Design, development, and calibration of split Hopkinson pressure bar system for dynamic material characterization of concrete, Int. J. Protect. Struct. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1177/20414196231155947 Web of Science, Google Scholar
31. S. Cao, X. Hou, Q. Rong, W. Zheng, M. Abid and G. Li , Effect of specimen size on dynamic compressive properties of fiber-reinforced reactive powder concrete at high strain rates, Constr. Build. Mater. 194 (2019) 71–82, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.11.024. Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
32. J. Guo, J. Cai and W. Chen , Inertial effect on RC beam subjected to impact loads, Int. J. Struct. Stab. Dyn. 17(04) (2017) 1750053. Link, Web of Science, Google Scholar
33. B. Gao, J. Wu, P. Jia, S. Li, Q. Yan and S. Xu , Experimental and numerical investigation of the polyurea-coated Ultra-High-Performance Concrete (UHPC) column under lateral impact loading, Int. J. Struct. Stab. Dyn. 22(07) (2022) 2250037. Link, Web of Science, Google Scholar
34. X. Sun, K. Zhao, Y. Li, R. Huang, Z. Ye, Y. Zhang and J. Ma , A study of strain-rate effect and fiber reinforcement effect on dynamic behavior of steel fiber-reinforced concrete, Constr. Build. Mater. 158 (2018) 657–669, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.09.093. Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
35. K. Ganorkar, M. D. Goel and T. Chakraborty , Specimen size effect and dynamic increase factor for basalt fiber–reinforced concrete using split Hopkinson pressure bar, J. Mater. Civil Eng. 33(12) (2021) 04021364, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003992. Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
36. Y. Al-Salloum, T. Almusallam, S. M. Ibrahim, H. Abbas and S. Alsayed , Rate dependent behavior and modeling of concrete based on SHPB experiments, Cement Concr. Compos. 55 (2015) 34–44, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2014.07.011. Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
37. B. Sun, R. Chen, Y. Ping, Z. Zhu, N. Wu and Z. Shi , Research on dynamic strength and inertia effect of concrete materials based on large-diameter split Hopkinson pressure bar test, Materials 15(9) (2022) 2995, https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15092995. Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar