No Access

Superconducting Radio-Frequency Fundamentals for Particle Accelerators

Alex Gurevich

Department of Physics and Center for Accelerator Science, Old Dominion University, 4600 Elkhorn Avenue, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA

Search for more papers by this author

https://doi.org/10.1142/S1793626812300058Cited by:60 (Source: Crossref)

Abstract

An overview of fundamentals of superconductors under radio-frequency electromagnetic fields in particle accelerators is given, with emphasis on intrinsic physics and materials mechanisms which limit the performance of the superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) resonator cavities. Multiscale mechanisms which control the surface resistance and the quality factor of the SRF cavities at low and high rf fields are discussed. We also discuss possible ways of pushing the limit of the SRF performance by materials impurities and multilayer nanostructuring which may open up opportunities of using materials other than Nb to significantly increase the maximum accelerating fields and improve the performance of the SRF cavities operating at 4.2 K.

Keywords:

References

A. P. Banford and G. H. Stafford , J. Nucl. Energy 3 , 287 ( 1961 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
W. M. Fairbank, J. M. Pierce and P. B. Wilson, Proc. 8th Int. Conf. on Low Temp. Phys. (Butterworths, Washington DC, 1962) p. 324. Google Scholar
P. B. Wislon and H. A. Schwettman , IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 12 , 1045 ( 1965 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
J. D. Jackson , Classical Electrodynamics , 3rd edn. ( Wiley , 1989 ) . Google Scholar
D. Proch , Rep. Prog. Phys. 61 , 431 ( 1998 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
H. Padamsee , J. Knobloch and T. Hays , RF Superconductivity for Accelerators , 2nd edn. ( Wiley , 2007 ) . Google Scholar
C. Z. Antoine , Materials and Surface Aspects in the Development of SRF Niobium Cavities ( ) . Google Scholar
D. C. Mattis and J. Bardeen , Phys. Rev. 111 , 412 ( 1958 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
A. A. Abrikosov , L. P. Gorkov and I. M. Khalatnikov , JETP 9 , 636 ( 1959 ) . Google Scholar
C. B. Nam , Phys. Rev. 156 , 487 ( 1967 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
J. P. Turneaure , J. Halbritter and H. A. Schwettman , J. Supercond. 4 , 341 ( 1991 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
J. P. Turneaure and I. Weissman , J. Appl. Phys. 39 , 4417 ( 1968 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
M. A. Hein, Microwave Properties of Superconductors, NATO ASI Series 375 (2002) pp. 21–53. Google Scholar
X. X. Xi , Rep. Prog. Phys. 71 , 116501 ( 2008 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
E. W. Collings , M. D. Sumption and T. Tajima , Supercond. Sci. Technol. 17 , S595 ( 2004 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
D. C. Johnston , Adv. Phys. 59 , 803 ( 2010 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
G. D. Cody and R. L. Cohen , Rev. Mod. Phys. 36 , 121 ( 1964 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
G. Mulleret al., Proc. 5th EPAC (London, 1985) p. 2085. Google Scholar
A. Andreone et al. , J. Appl. Phys. 82 , 1736 ( 1997 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
S. M. Deambrosis et al. , Physica C 441 , 108 ( 2006 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
D. Larbalestier et al. , Nature 414 , 368 ( 2001 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
A. Gurevich , Nat. Mater. 10 , 255 ( 2011 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
G. Ciovati et al. , Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 13 , 022002 ( 2010 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
F. Furuta, K. Saito, T. Saekia, H. Inouea, Y. Morozumia, T. Higoa, Y. Higashia, H. Matsumotoa, S. Kazakova, H. Yamaokaa, K. Uenoa, Y. Kobayashia, R. S. Orra and J. Sekutowicz, in Proc. 2006 European Particle Accelerator Conference (Edinburgh, Scotland, 2006), eds. C. Biscari (INFN-LNF), H. Owen (CCLRC DL), Ch. Petit-Jean-Genaz (CERN), J. Poole (CERN) and J. Thomason (CCLRC RAL), paper MOPLS084 . Google Scholar
R. L. Geng , Physica C 441 , 145 ( 2006 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
R. L. Genget al., Proc. PAC07 (1997) p. 2337. Google Scholar
J. P. Carbotte , Rev. Mod. Phys. 62 , 1027 ( 1990 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
F. Marsiglio et al. , Phys. Rev. B 50 , 7204 ( 1994 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
T. Mori et al. , Phys. Rev. B 77 , 174515 ( 2008 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
W. Lee , D. Rainer and W. Zimmermann , Physica C 159 , 535 ( 1989 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
M. Tinkham , Introduction to Superconductivity ( McGraw-Hill , 1975 ) . Google Scholar
R. H. Parmenter , RCA Rev. 26 , 323 ( 1962 ) . Google Scholar
J. Bardeen , Rev. Mod. Phys. 34 , 667 ( 1962 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
C. P. Bean and J. D. Livingston , Phys. Rev. Lett. 12 , 14 ( 1964 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
V. P. Galaiko , JETP 23 , 475 ( 1966 ) . Google Scholar
J. Matricon and D. Saint-James , Phys. Lett. A 24 , 241 ( 1967 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
S. J. Chapman , SIAM J. Appl. Math. 55 , 1233 ( 1995 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
G. Catelani and J. P. Sethna , Phys. Rev. B 78 , 224509 ( 2008 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
P.-J. Lin and A. Gurevich , Phys. Rev. B 85 , 054513 ( 2012 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
B. Visentin , Proc. 11th Workshop on RF Superconductivity , ed. D. Proch ( Travemunde, DESY, Hamburg, Germany , 2004 ) . Google Scholar
G. Ciovati , Physica C 441 , 44 ( 2006 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
G. Eremeev and H. Padamsee , Physica C 441 , 62 ( 2006 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
G. Ciovati , P. Kneisel and A. Gurevich , Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 10 , 022002 ( 2007 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
B. Visemtin et al. , Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 13 , 052002 ( 2010 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
G. E. H. Reuter and E. H. Sondheimer , Proc. R. Soc. London A 195 , 336 ( 1948 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
N. B. Kopnin , Theory of Nonequilibrium Superconductivity ( Oxford University Press , 2001 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
A. Gurevich , Appl. Phys. Lett. 88 , 012511 ( 2006 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
H. A. Schwettman , J. P. Turneaure and R. F. Waites , J. Appl. Phys. 45 , 914 ( 1974 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
C. M. Lyneis , H. A. Schwettman and J. P. Turneaure , Appl. Phys. Lett. 31 , 541 ( 1977 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
R. L. Geng, Proc. 2003 Particle Accelerator Conference (Portland, Oregon, USA, 2003) p. 264. Google Scholar
A. T. Wu, D. Gu and H. Baumgart, Proc. SRF 2009 (Berlin, Germany, 2009) p. 300. Google Scholar
H. Hahn and H. J. Halama , J. Appl. Phys. 47 , 4629 ( 1976 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
A. Dacca et al. , Appl. Surf. Sci. 126 , 219 ( 1998 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
Q. Ma et al. , J. Appl. Phys. 96 , 7675 ( 2004 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
M. Delheusy et al. , Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 , 101911 ( 2008 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
J. T. Sebastian et al. , Physica C 441 , 70 ( 2006 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
K. E. Yoon et al. , Appl. Phys. Lett. 93 , 132502 ( 2008 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
R. Tao et al. , J. Appl. Phys. 110 , 124313 ( 2011 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
F. L. Palmer et al. , Nucl. Instrum. Mater. Phys. Res. A 279 , 321 ( 1990 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
J. Zmuidzinas , Rev. Cond. Mat. Phys. 3 , 169 ( 2012 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
G. Ciovati , J. Appl. Phys. 96 , 1591 ( 2004 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
M. Rabinovitz , J. Appl. Phys. 42 , 88 ( 1971 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
A. Gurevich and G. Ciovati , Phys. Rev. B 77 , 104501 ( 2008 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
O. Kugeler et al. , Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81 , 074701 ( 2010 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
S. Aull , O. Kugeler and J. Knobloch , Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 15 , 062001 ( 2012 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
S. Isagawa , J. Appl. Phys. 51 , 6010 ( 1980 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
B. Bonin and R. W. Röth, Proc. 5th Workshop on RF Superconductivity, ed. D. Proch (Hamburg, Germany, 1991) p. 210. Google Scholar
K. Saito and P. Kneisel, Proc. 5th Workshop on RF Superconductivity, ed. D. Proch (Hamburg, Germany, 1991) p. 665. Google Scholar
R. W. Röth, Proc. 6th Workshop on RF Superconductivity (SEBAF, Newport News, 1993) p. 1126. Google Scholar
B. Bonin and H. Safa , Supercond. Sci. Technol. 4 , 257 ( 1991 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
C. Attanasio , L. Maritato and R. Vagio , Phys. Rev. B 43 , 6128 ( 1991 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
A. Andreone et al. , Phys. Rev. B 52 , 4473 ( 1995 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
J. Halbritter , J. Supercond. 10 , 91 ( 1997 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
K. Scharnberg , J. Appl. Phys. 48 , 3462 ( 1977 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
J. Halbritter , J. Appl. Phys. 58 , 1320 ( 1985 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
C. Benvenuti et al. , Physica C 316 , 153 ( 1999 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
C. Benvenuti et al. , Physica C 351 , 421 ( 2001 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
S. Calatroni , Physica C 441 , 95 ( 2006 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
H. K. Birnbaum , M. L. Crossbeck and M. Amano , J. Less-Common Metals 49 , 357 ( 1976 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
R. E. Ricker and G. R. Myneni , J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. 115 , 353 ( 2010 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
N. Groll , A. Gurevich and I. Chiorescu , Phys. Rev. B 81 , 020504(R) ( 2010 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
R. C. Dynes , V. Narayanamurti and J. P. Carno , Phys. Rev. Lett. 41 , 1509 ( 1978 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
R. C. Dynes et al. , Phys. Rev. Lett. 53 , 2437 ( 1984 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
T. Proslier et al. , Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 , 212505 ( 2008 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
T. Proslier et al. , IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 19 , 1404 ( 2009 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
M. Kharitonov et al. , Phys. Rev. B 86 , 024514 ( 2012 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
A. V. Balatskii , I. Vekhter and J.-X. Zhu , Rev. Mod. Phys. 78 , 373 ( 2006 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
T. P. Deveraux and D. Belitz , Phys. Rev. B 44 , 4587 ( 1999 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
D. A. Browne , K. Levin and K. A. Muttalib , Phys. Rev. Lett. 58 , 156 ( 1987 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
A. I. Larkin and Yu. N. Ovchinnikov , JETP 34 , 1144 ( 1972 ) . Google Scholar
J. S. Meyer and B. D. Simons , Phys. Rev. B 64 , 134516 ( 2001 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
H. J. Halama , Appl. Phys. Lett. 19 , 90 ( 1971 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
M. W. Coffey and J. R. Clem , Phys. Rev. B 45 , 9872 ( 1992 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
G. Eilenberger , Z. Phys. 214 , 195 ( 1968 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
D. Xu , S. K. Yip and J. A. Sauls , Phys. Rev. B 51 , 16233 ( 1995 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
T. Dahm and D. J. Scalapino, J. Appl. Phys. 81, 2002 (1997); Phys. Rev. B 60, 13125 (1999) . Google Scholar
M.-R. Li, P. J. Hirschfeld and P. Wolfle, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 5640 (1998); Phys. Rev. B 61, 648 (2000) . Google Scholar
P. Fulde , Phys. Rev. 137 , A783 ( 1965 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
A. Anthore , H. Pothier and D. Esteve , Phys. Rev. Lett. 90 , 127001 ( 2003 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
I. O. Kulik and V. Palmieri, Proc. 1987 Workshop on RF Superconductivity (Padova, Italy, 1987) p. 309. Google Scholar
A. Gurevich , Physica C 441 , 38 ( 2006 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
R. W. Powers and M. V. Doyle , J. Appl. Phys. 30 , 514 ( 1959 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
M. Delheusy, Ph.D. thesis (Paris-Sud XI and Stuttgart Universities, 2008) . Google Scholar
A. V. Gurevich and R. G. Mints , Rev. Mod. Phys. 59 , 941 ( 1987 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
B. Visentin , Proc. 11th Workshop on RF Superconductivity ( Lubeck/Travemunde , 2003 ) . Google Scholar
R. Röthet al., Proc. 1992 European Particle Accelerator Conference, eds. E. H. Henkeet al. (Editions Frontiers, 1992) p. 1325. Google Scholar
H. Mittag , Cryogenics 13 , 94 ( 1973 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
S. Van Sciver , Helium Cryogenics ( Plenum , New York , 1986 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
A. Boucheffa , M. X. François and F. Koechlin , Cryogenics 34 , 297 ( 1994 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
R. G. Mints and A. L. Rakhmanov , Rev. Mod. Phys. 53 , 551 ( 1981 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
I. Aranson , A. Gurevich and V. Vinokur , Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 , 0670031 ( 2001 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
I. S. Aranson et al. , Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 , 0370021 ( 2005 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
E. Altshuler and T. H. Johansen , Rev. Mod. Phys. 76 , 471 ( 2004 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
N. W. Ashkroft and N. D. Mermin , Solid State Physics ( Brooks/Cole , Belmont, USA , 1976 ) . Google Scholar
J. Knobloch , H. Miller and H. Padamsee , Rev. Sci. Instrum. 65 , 3521 ( 1994 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
M. S. Champion et al. , IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 19 , 1184 ( 2009 ) . Google Scholar
H. Padamsee , IEEE Trans. Magn. 19 , 1322 ( 1983 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
J. H. Durrell et al. , Rep. Prog. Phys. 74 , 124511 ( 2011 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
X. Song et al. , Nat. Mater. 4 , 470 ( 2005 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
A. M. Campbell and J. E. Evetts , Adv. Phys. 21 , 199 ( 1972 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
A. Gurevich , Phys. Rev. B 65 , 214531 ( 2002 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
G. Fischer , R. Klein and J. P. McEvoy , Phys. Rev. Lett. 19 , 193 ( 1965 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
A. L. Fauchére and G. Blatter , Phys. Rev. B 56 , 14102 ( 1997 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
A. Romanenko et al. , Proc. SRF2011 ( 2011 ) . Google Scholar
A. Romanenko and F. Barkov, SRF Materials Workshop (Jefferson Lab., 2012) . Google Scholar
A. Romanenko and H. Padamsee , Supercond. Sci. Technol. 23 , 045008 ( 2010 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
H. Tian et al. , Appl. Surf. Sci. 257 , 4781 ( 2011 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
C. Xu et al. , Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 15 , 043502 ( 2012 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
M. Ge et al. , Supercond. Sci. Technol. 24 , 035002 ( 2011 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
G. Ciovati and A. Gurevich , Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 11 , 122001 ( 2008 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
A. I. Larkin and Yu. N. Ovchinnikov, Nonequilibrium Superconductivity, eds. D. N. Langenberg and A. I. Larkin (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1986) p. 493. Google Scholar
G. Ciovati et al. , Rev. Sci. Instrum. 83 , 034704 ( 2012 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
D. J. Van Harlingen , Physica B 110 , 1710 ( 1982 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
A. A. Abrikosov , JETP 19 , 988 ( 1964 ) . Google Scholar
G. Stejic et al. , Phys. Rev. B 49 , 1247 ( 1994 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
C. Z. Antoine et al. , Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 13 , 121001 ( 2010 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
E. H. Brandt , Rep. Prog. Phys. 58 , 1456 ( 1995 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
T. Tajimaet al., Proc. Linear Accelerator Conf. LINAC 2010 (Tsukuba, Japan, 2010) p. 854. Google Scholar
M. J. Pellin et al. , Proc. Int. Conf. on RF Superconductivity ( Beijing , 2007 ) . Google Scholar
T. Proslier et al. , Appl. Phys. Lett. 93 , 192504 ( 2008 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar
A. Gurevich and V. M. Vinokur , Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 , 137003 ( 2006 ) . Crossref, Google Scholar