Pakistan’s Green Urbanization in the Perspective of Ecological Civilization

1. Introduction

As Pakistan struggles with the complicated issues of fast urban growth and environmental deterioration, the idea of green urbanization within the context of ecological civilization is gaining popularity (Saleem et al., 2019; Raza et al., 2020). The present introduction lays the groundwork for an extensive investigation of Pakistan’s dynamic urban environment, emphasizing the incorporation of ecological concepts into urban development tactics. Pakistan is among the most urbanized nations in South Asia, and as such, its cities are facing a number of challenges, including unparalleled population expansion, swift urbanization, and mounting demands on natural resources (Ahmed et al., 2017). Numerous environmental problems, including pollution of the air and water, the disappearance of green spaces, and insufficient waste management systems, have been brought about by this urbanization trend (Asif and Nasiri, 2018; Nasir et al., 2020). In light of this, ecological civilization offers an all-encompassing strategy for urban development that places an emphasis on harmony between human activity and the environment (Jiao et al., 2020).

Examining Pakistan’s path toward green urbanization makes sense because it is critical to address these environmental issues and advance sustainable urban development (Ahmed et al., 2020). Cities may reduce their environmental impact and improve the quality of life for their citizens by adopting green practices like trash reduction, energy efficiency, and sustainable mobility (Khan et al., 2019). However there are obstacles in the way of Pakistan’s green urbanization. Major obstacles to advancement include a lack of funding, shoddy infrastructure, and limitations on institutional capability (Nawaz et al., 2018). Furthermore, socioeconomic inequality is made worse by growing urbanization, and vulnerable groups are put in danger from environmental hazards (Ali et al., 2019).

This study uses a multidisciplinary approach to investigate these concerns, incorporating knowledge from policy analysis, environmental science, and urban planning (Khan et al., 2021). This research attempts to provide a thorough overview of the current state of green urbanization in Pakistan and identify pathways for future improvement by combining quantitative data with qualitative assessments (Shahbaz and Nasreen, 2020). Initial results indicate that metropolitan regions are becoming more conscious of and interested in implementing eco-friendly policies and practices (Akhtar et al., 2019). The requirement for customized solutions that take into consideration regional contexts and obstacles is highlighted by the fact that implementation levels vary across different locations (Khalid et al., 2021).

In the end, this research has consequences that go beyond the confines of academia; it informs stakeholders, policymakers, and urban planners about the necessity of incorporating ecological principles into strategies for urban development (Ullah et al., 2020). Pakistan can reduce environmental risks, increase climate change resistance, and promote inclusive, sustainable cities for future generations by adopting green urbanization. The foundation for a thorough examination of Pakistan’s transition to green urbanism within the larger framework of ecological civilization is laid forth in this introduction.

1.1. The urgency of the green urbanization transition

The urgency of transitioning to green urbanization in Pakistan stems from rapid urban growth and its detrimental environmental impacts. As urban areas expand at an average annual growth rate of 3%, cities like Karachi and Lahore face escalating challenges related to pollution, resource depletion, and habitat loss. Traditional urbanization practices have significantly contributed to air and water pollution, with PM2.5 levels in major cities often exceeding WHO guidelines, and water quality indicators revealing severe contamination. The strain on natural resources, such as water and energy, exacerbates environmental degradation, making the shift to green urbanization imperative. Embracing sustainable practices is crucial to mitigate these adverse effects, enhance urban resilience, and ensure long-term environmental and public health. Green urbanization offers a viable solution by integrating eco-friendly policies, renewable energy sources, and efficient waste management systems, addressing both current urban challenges and future sustainability goals.

1.2. The key tasks for Pakistan’s urbanization

Pakistan’s urbanization process is characterized by a number of core duties necessary for equitable growth and sustainable development. The most important of these is making sure that there is enough urban infrastructure to support the growing urban population. In order to guarantee the welfare and standard of living of urban inhabitants, it is imperative that basic services including housing, water supply, sanitation, healthcare, and transportation be provided (UNDP Pakistan, 2020). However, the development of strong urban governance frameworks that can handle the challenges posed by fast urbanization is necessary before efficient urban infrastructure can be realized. These institutions are essential for overseeing urban development as well as for guaranteeing inclusive decision-making procedures that give equal weight to the concerns of all societal groups (World Bank, 2019).

Furthermore, it becomes clear that strengthening local institutional capacity is essential to improving the effectiveness of service delivery and urban management. By giving local institutions the tools and resources they need to handle the various issues raised by urbanization, strengthening local institutions promotes sustainable urban development (Khan and Ahmed, 2018). Simultaneously, the promotion of environmental sustainability in urban areas becomes apparent as an urgent challenge that requires prompt attention. This entails implementing green urbanization strategies to improve air and water quality, reduce environmental degradation, and increase urban resilience to the effects of climate change (Asian Development Bank, 2017).

Moreover, the necessity of tackling poverty and social injustice in metropolitan areas cannot be emphasized enough. Building resilient and cohesive urban communities requires policies and actions that promote inclusive growth, lower urban poverty, and create social safety nets (Ahsan and Sadiq, 2019). Ultimately, encouraging innovation and economic growth in metropolitan areas is critical to advancing national development. Cities may use their economic potential to propel total national prosperity by fostering settings that support innovation, entrepreneurship, and job creation (World Economic Forum, 2020).

Pakistan may steer towards a sustainable and prosperous urban future by giving due consideration to these fundamental responsibilities associated with urbanization and tackling them in an efficient manner. Accepting these responsibilities as essential parts of its agenda for urban development would help to create inclusive and resilient urban centers while also opening the door to a thorough and just urban change.

2. Data and Methods

This study utilizes a mixed-methods approach to analyze Pakistan’s progress toward green urbanization within the framework of ecological civilization. Quantitative data analysis focuses on urban growth rates, pollution levels, and resource consumption. Data were sourced from government records, environmental organizations, and international databases, highlighting urban population increases, air and water quality indicators, and per capita water and energy usage. Statistical techniques identified patterns and challenges of conventional urbanization compared to sustainable initiatives.

Qualitative methods included interviews and surveys with urban planners, policymakers, and community leaders, capturing perspectives on green urbanization efforts. Key topics included awareness and willingness to adopt eco-friendly policies, barriers such as inadequate infrastructure and limited resources, and successful examples like green building methods, sustainable transportation, and renewable energy programs.

Integrating quantitative and qualitative findings, the study emphasizes the importance of incorporating ecological principles into urban development. The framework combines theoretical foundations, current literature, and stakeholder perspectives to identify drivers, obstacles, and opportunities for green urbanization. Policy implications offer recommendations for incorporating ecological principles into urban planning.

By providing a comprehensive and evidence-based understanding of the challenges and benefits of green urbanization in Pakistan, this research aims to inform policies and practices that support sustainable urban development. The goal is to mitigate environmental degradation and foster resilient, inclusive cities for future generations.

3. Literature Review

Urbanization in Pakistan is characterized by rapid population growth, resource depletion, and significant environmental challenges. Traditional urbanization models in Pakistan have resulted in severe environmental degradation, particularly in major cities like Lahore and Karachi, which suffer from acute air and water pollution (Hasan, 2020; Qureshi et al., 2010). These cities often experience PM2.5 levels that exceed World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, posing serious health and environmental risks (EPA, 2019). Despite the well-documented issues surrounding traditional urbanization, the literature on green urbanization in Pakistan remains limited. Existing studies primarily focus on broader sustainable development solutions rather than specific strategies tailored to Pakistan’s unique urbanization context. The concept of ecological civilization has gained global traction as a framework for harmonizing human activities with environmental sustainability. It promotes development strategies that prioritize environmental protection while ensuring economic growth (Zhang, 2019). Recent studies have emphasized the potential of ecological civilization to guide urban development toward sustainability, particularly in rapidly urbanizing nations (Wu, 2017; Liu and Zhang, 2018). This research aims to fill the gap in the literature by applying the principles of ecological civilization to the study of green urbanization in Pakistan. Green urbanization in Pakistan is an emerging field with limited but growing academic attention. Research on renewable energy adoption, such as the study by Jabeen et al. (2021), demonstrates the feasibility and benefits of shifting towards sustainable energy sources in Pakistani cities. Similarly, Ahmad and Anjum (2020) highlight the potential of green infrastructure to enhance environmental quality and urban resilience in Pakistan. These studies provide a crucial empirical foundation for understanding how green urbanization can be practically implemented in the country. This research incorporates case studies of successful green urbanization initiatives in Pakistan, such as the development of green belts in Lahore and the adoption of solar energy in urban housing complexes. For instance, the Islamabad solar power project has significantly reduced both energy costs and carbon emissions in the city (Khan et al., 2022). These case studies offer practical examples of how green urbanization concepts can be translated into tangible benefits for urban populations. Despite the potential benefits, green urbanization in Pakistan faces significant challenges, including inadequate infrastructure, limited financial resources, and institutional constraints. Mustafa et al. (2019) and Siddiqui (2021) underscore the need for comprehensive policy reforms and well-structured initiatives to address these challenges. This research extends these discussions by providing targeted policy recommendations, such as prioritizing sustainable infrastructure projects, enhancing regulatory frameworks, and promoting community engagement in urban planning processes. In conclusion, this literature review synthesizes the current state of research on urbanization and ecological civilization in Pakistan. By focusing on the integration of green urbanization within the framework of ecological civilization, this study contributes to the global discourse on sustainable urban development. It provides a nuanced understanding of Pakistan’s urbanization challenges and offers practical solutions that could be applied in other rapidly urbanizing regions.

3.1. The basic features and outcomes of conventional urbanization

Conventional urbanization, characterized by unplanned and spontaneous growth, has distinct characteristics and impacts that shape the social, cultural, and economic aspects of cities. One of the primary characteristics of urban settlements is their natural growth, which is driven by factors such as trade routes, economic opportunities, and physical features (United Nations, 2018). Turok and McGranahan (2013) argue that traditional urbanization is characterized by the gradual development of cities, where infrastructure and services are established in response to specific needs as they occur, rather than through deliberate planning. The formation of compact, spontaneous urban settlements typified by narrow thoroughfares, diverse land utilization, and informal housing arrangements is a consequence of conventional urbanization (UN-Habitat, 2020). Choguill (2017) states that these characteristics often result in congestion, inadequate infrastructure, and limited availability of essential resources such as water, sanitation, and medical care. Furthermore, the absence of official planning and regulation may lead to pollution, the depletion of green spaces, and environmental degradation (Owusu and Adu, 2017).

As a result of marginalized individuals’ inclination to reside in informal settlements with limited access to resources and opportunities, conventional urbanization can exacerbate social inequality and result in localized poverty within cities (UNESCO, 2017). As stated by Davis (2006), this geographical separation can worsen social exclusion and weaken social unity, leading to dissatisfaction and violence in urban settings. From an economic perspective, traditional urbanization can hinder economic growth and productivity by limiting investment opportunities, hindering the development of formal markets, and restricting the movement of labor and capital (World Bank, 2018).

Moreover, the presence of informal settlements beyond the purview of existing legal frameworks and municipal authorities creates challenges for governance and urban management, due to the informal nature of traditional urbanization (UNDP, 2019). Impeding efforts to maintain public safety, enforce construction regulations, and provide essential services can exacerbate vulnerabilities and hazards for residents (Mitlin and Satterthwaite, 2013).

In summary, traditional urbanization is characterized by unplanned growth, dense neighborhoods, and informal practices, leading to a range of environmental, social, and economic issues. To foster sustainable urban development and improve the well-being of urban residents, policies and actions should include the characteristics and impacts of conventional urbanization.

3.2. Analytical framework for green urbanization

An effective analytical framework for green urbanization integrates theoretical principles with practical assessments to guide sustainable urban development. This framework begins by incorporating theories of ecological civilization, which emphasize the need for harmony between human activities and the environment. It evaluates urbanization practices through key environmental metrics such as air and water quality, green space availability, and resource consumption. By analyzing these indicators, the framework assesses the impact of traditional urban practices and identifies areas for improvement. Additionally, it includes sustainability assessments of urban projects, focusing on green building techniques, renewable energy adoption, and waste management efficiency. The framework also reviews existing policies and planning regulations, recommending reforms to better support green urbanization goals. Through case studies and empirical research, the framework provides practical insights and benchmarks, helping cities transition towards more environmentally sustainable and resilient urban development.

3.3. The current theories regarding green urbanization

The new discourse on theories of green urbanization emphasizes their importance and juxtaposes them with conventional urbanization models while establishing a comprehensive framework within the context of ecological civilization. One important modern theory is Ecological Urbanism, which proposes that cities should operate as interconnected ecological systems that prioritize both human needs and environmental conservation and restoration (Mostafavi and Doherty, 2010). This strategy prioritizes the preservation of a wide range of species, the benefits provided by ecosystems, and the implementation of environmentally friendly infrastructure in order to improve the ability of urban areas to withstand and adapt to challenges while also promoting long-term viability (Beatley, 2000). The Compact City Model, as described by Bertaud and Malpezzi (2003), promotes the development of densely populated metropolitan areas with a diverse range of land uses. This model aims to reduce urban sprawl and enhance access to services and public transportation. This concept seeks to promote social engagement, minimize carbon emissions, and enhance resource efficiency by consolidating urban development and minimizing the ecological impact (Newman and Kenworthy, 2015). Smart Growth is a concept that prioritizes sustainable land use patterns. It places importance on preserving green spaces and agricultural land, as well as supporting transit-oriented development (Burchell et al., 1998). Smart growth aims to establish communities that are easily navigable by foot, pleasant to live in, decrease reliance on cars, and minimize negative effects on the environment (Ewing and Cervero, 2010). Beatley (2011) proposes Biophilic Urbanism, which emphasizes the significance of integrating natural components into urban environments to improve human well-being and cultivate a stronger bond with nature. Kellert (2008) found that incorporating nature into urban areas can decrease stress levels, enhance cognitive abilities, and enhance both physical and mental well-being. These ideas provide a comprehensive approach to green urbanization, encompassing the social, economic, and environmental dimensions of sustainability. The updated paradigm incorporates these ideas, providing a juxtaposition to conventional urbanization approaches that frequently disregard ecological and social aspects. The framework incorporates these theories to ensure that urban development is both environmentally sustainable and socially equitable, while still being economically feasible. This supports the establishment of resilient and future-oriented cities.

3.4. Ecological civilization integration

This study incorporates the notion of ecological civilization into the analytical framework and strategic strategy to evaluate and direct green urbanization activities in Pakistan. Ecological civilization prioritizes the balanced and peaceful cohabitation of humans and nature, directing the progress of cities toward long-term sustainability and responsible management of the environment. The analytical approach integrates quantitative data analysis and qualitative evaluations to offer a full comprehension of Pakistan’s green urbanization status.

The study quantitatively collects and analyzes data on the rates of urban growth, levels of pollution, and use of resources. Important indicators comprise the rate of increase in urban population, the enlargement of urban areas, measurements of air and water quality (such as PM2.5 and BOD levels), and the amount of water and energy used per person. Statistical methods are used to detect patterns and connections, emphasizing the environmental difficulties caused by traditional urbanization practices. The analysis compares these conventional approaches with green urbanization projects, assessing the efficacy of sustainable practices.

The study includes interviews and surveys with urban planners, legislators, and community leaders, focusing on the quality of the data collected. This approach examines many viewpoints on green urbanization, evaluates the level of awareness and willingness to implement environmentally friendly policies, and identifies major obstacles such as inadequate infrastructure, limited resources, and institutional capacity restrictions. The study also showcases successful endeavors, such as green construction techniques, sustainable transportation endeavors, and renewable energy initiatives, illustrating tangible implementations of ecological concepts.

The strategic approach prioritizes the integration of ecological civilization ideas into urban development. The process combines both quantitative and qualitative data to determine the main factors, barriers, and chances for implementing green urbanization. The framework is based on the latest research in ecological civilization and green urbanization, ensuring its theoretical strength. The document offers practical policy suggestions, advising key individuals such as stakeholders, legislators, and urban planners on how to incorporate ecological principles into urban development projects.

The report provides a comprehensive viewpoint on green urbanization in Pakistan by integrating ecological civilization into the analytical framework and strategic approach. This statement highlights the significance of ecological principles in reducing environmental risks, improving the ability to withstand climate change, and fostering sustainable and equitable urban development for future generations. This integration offers useful insights for creating policies and practices aimed at establishing ecological civilization in the urban landscape of Pakistan.

3.5. Analytical framework of urbanization within the context of green urbanization

The analytical framework of urbanization, when applied to the context of green urbanization, adopts a multidisciplinary approach to explore the transformation of rural landscapes into sustainable urban areas. This framework seeks to integrate various dimensions of urban growth — demographic, economic, spatial, governance, environmental, and social — under the umbrella of ecological sustainability. Demographic Analysis remains a crucial component but with an added emphasis on understanding the impact of population dynamics on urban sustainability. Analyzing population growth, migration patterns, age distribution, and urbanization rates through the lens of sustainable development helps in assessing how these factors influence resource consumption and ecological footprints (UN-Habitat, 2020). Economic Considerations are reframed to focus on how economic activities drive urbanization in a way that either supports or hinders green urbanization. The framework evaluates the roles of industrialization, employment, income levels, and investment in promoting green infrastructure, sustainable energy use, and environmentally friendly economic practices (World Bank, 2018). Spatial Analysis is enhanced by examining the physical structure and spatial arrangement of urban environments with a focus on sustainability. This includes assessing land use efficiency, urban density, and infrastructure networks to ensure that urban growth minimizes sprawl and promotes compact, resource-efficient cities (Bertaud and Malpezzi, 2003). Governance and Institutional Analysis is expanded to scrutinize how governance structures, legal frameworks, and decision-making processes support or undermine green urbanization. Effective urban governance is evaluated based on its ability to enforce ecological red lines, implement sustainable policies, and engage stakeholders in promoting environmentally responsible urban development (Burchell et al., 1998). Environmental Analysis is central to this framework, focusing on the impact of urbanization on ecosystems and natural resources. The framework incorporates environmental risk assessments and vulnerability analyses to identify strategies that can mitigate negative impacts such as resource depletion, habitat destruction, and pollution, while promoting green infrastructure and sustainable urban practices (Beatley, 2011). Social Analysis continues to explore the socio-cultural dynamics of urbanization but with an emphasis on social equity and access to green spaces and services. The framework seeks to address social inequalities that may arise from urban expansion and ensure that green urbanization benefits all residents, particularly vulnerable populations (Davis, 2006).

In summary, this revised analytical framework for urbanization integrates the diverse elements of urban growth into a cohesive structure that supports green urbanization. By synthesizing demographic, economic, spatial, governance, environmental, and social analyses, the framework offers a comprehensive approach to promoting sustainable and inclusive urban development. This integrated approach ensures that urbanization processes align with the principles of ecological civilization, ultimately contributing to more resilient and sustainable cities. The analytical framework of urbanization incorporates a multidisciplinary approach to understand the complex dynamics and processes of urban growth and development. The examination of the transformation of rural landscapes into urban areas and the subsequent development of cities involves the assessment of various factors, including population trends, economic catalysts, spatial arrangements, and governance frameworks (United Nations, 2018).

Demographic analysis is an essential component of the analytical framework due to the intrinsic connection between population dynamics and urbanization. An understanding of the extent and rate at which cities are growing, and the resulting effects on social and economic progress, can be obtained by analyzing factors such as population growth, patterns of migration, distribution of age groups, and rates of urbanization (UN-Habitat, 2020). Economic considerations have a substantial impact on urbanization processes. In order to understand the factors driving urban growth and the geographical distribution of economic activity inside cities, economic research examines variables such as industrialization, employment opportunities, income levels, and investment trends (World Bank, 2018). The primary focus of spatial analysis is the examination of the physical structure and spatial arrangement of urban environments. To analyze the spatial arrangement of cities and assess factors such as accessibility, efficient land use, and urban sprawl, it is necessary to map land use patterns, population densities, infrastructure networks, and urban morphology (Bertaud and Malpezzi, 2003). Moreover, to fully grasp the impact of urban growth, it is essential to have a deep understanding of governance and institutional analysis, which includes knowledge of legislative frameworks, administrative procedures, and decision-making processes. An analysis of governance structures, land management approaches, and stakeholder engagement methods can provide insights on the effectiveness of urban governance and its impact on the results of urbanization (Burchell et al., 1998). Another essential element of the framework is environmental analysis, which considers the impact of urbanization on the environment, such as the depletion of resources, destruction of habitats, and pollution of the air and water. Environmental risk and vulnerability assessments can help identify strategies to promote sustainable urban expansion and mitigate adverse environmental impacts (Beatley, 2011). Social analysis mostly centers around the socio-cultural dynamics of metropolitan areas, which encompass issues such as social inequality, poverty, affordable housing, and access to critical services. To address social problems and promote social integration and unity in urban communities, it is beneficial to have a comprehensive understanding of social dynamics (Davis, 2006).

In summary, the urbanization analytical framework offers a thorough lens through which to examine the complex dynamics and processes of urban growth and development. Researchers and policymakers may create policies that effectively promote sustainable and inclusive urban growth and get a comprehensive understanding of urbanization by combining demographic, economic, geographical, governance, environmental, and social evaluations (see Fig. 1).

3.6. Implications for Pakistan’s green urbanization framework

Contemporary perspectives on green urbanization emphasize the integration of ecological principles into urban planning, sustainable development, and environmental conservation. The goal is to create urban environments that are not only economically and socially vibrant but also environmentally sustainable and resilient. Ecological Urbanism suggests that cities should function as integrated ecological systems, balancing human needs with the preservation and restoration of natural environments. This approach emphasizes the importance of biodiversity, ecosystem services, and green infrastructure to enhance urban resilience (Mostafavi and Doherty, 2010; Beatley, 2012). In Pakistan, applying ecological urbanism would involve the systematic incorporation of green spaces, wetlands, and urban forests into city planning, creating urban areas that support both human life and biodiversity. The Compact City Model promotes dense, mixed-use urban forms that optimize land use, reduce urban sprawl, and enhance accessibility to public transit (Bertaud and Malpezzi, 2003; Newman and Kenworthy, 2015). In the context of Pakistan, where urban sprawl and inefficient land use are prevalent, the adoption of compact city principles could lead to more sustainable urban growth, reducing the environmental impact of urbanization and improving the quality of life for urban residents. Smart Growth advocates for the conservation of green spaces and farmland, the promotion of transit-oriented development, and the implementation of sustainable land use patterns (Burchell et al., 1998). For Pakistan, smart growth principles can guide urban development towards creating communities that are pedestrian-friendly, reduce reliance on cars, and enhance the overall livability of cities. This approach could be particularly beneficial in rapidly growing urban areas where infrastructure development often outpaces sustainable planning. Biophilic Urbanism emphasizes integrating natural elements into urban environments to enhance human well-being and foster a connection with nature (Beatley, 2011). In Pakistan, biophilic design could be employed to create healthier urban environments, where green spaces, water features, and natural landscapes are central to city planning. This approach not only improves mental and physical well-being but also contributes to environmental sustainability. To successfully integrate these modern theories into Pakistan’s urban development strategy, a systematic framework for green urbanization is essential. This framework would facilitate the transition to sustainable urban growth by emphasizing the interconnections between key elements such as ecological balance, compact and efficient urban forms, smart growth strategies, biophilic design, community participation, and strong governance and regulatory support. The green urbanization framework for Pakistan focuses on several key elements: Ecological balance prioritizes biodiversity, ecosystem services, and green infrastructure in urban planning; compact and efficient urban forms advocate for dense, mixed-use developments to optimize land use and reduce sprawl; smart growth strategies promote sustainable land use patterns, transit-oriented development, and the conservation of green spaces; biophilic design integrates natural elements into urban environments to enhance human well-being and environmental sustainability; community participation engages local communities in the planning process to ensure that urban development meets their needs and promotes social equity; and governance and regulatory support strengthens institutional frameworks and policies that back sustainable urbanization. This revised framework offers a comprehensive approach to green urbanization, ensuring that Pakistan’s cities develop in an environmentally sustainable, socially inclusive, and economically viable manner. By integrating these principles into urban planning and design, Pakistan can achieve greater resilience, equity, and sustainability in its urban areas, setting an example for other rapidly urbanizing regions (see Fig. 2).

4. Quantitative Analysis of Pakistan’s Urbanization

The data over the past decade reveal a rapid increase in urban growth rates, averaging approximately 3% annually, with major cities like Karachi, Lahore, and Islamabad experiencing even higher rates, which underscores the urgent need for sustainable urban development. Quantitative data on pollution levels further emphasize the environmental challenges associated with this rapid urbanization. For example, the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reports that PM2.5 concentrations in Karachi average around 88$\mu$g/m³, significantly exceeding the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline of 10$\mu$g/m³, while Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) in the Ravi River near Lahore often surpasses 50mg/L, indicating severe organic pollution. These metrics highlight the environmental degradation linked to traditional urbanization models. Additionally, data on resource consumption reveal significant sustainability challenges, with urban areas consuming about 150 liters of water per capita daily and accounting for over 70% of Pakistan’s total energy consumption from non-renewable sources, thus contributing to greenhouse gas emissions and environmental degradation. To enhance the analysis, a comparative assessment of traditional projects versus green urbanization projects is essential, focusing on metrics such as green space per capita, renewable energy usage, and waste management efficiency. For instance, green urbanization initiatives show improvements in green space per capita and increased adoption of renewable energy sources. Detailed case studies of successful green urbanization projects, such as the implementation of solar power in urban housing schemes and the development of green belts in Lahore, provide concrete examples of progress. By incorporating these quantitative assessments and detailed case studies, the study will offer a more comprehensive, data-driven understanding of urbanization challenges and the benefits of green urbanization, thereby strengthening the discussion and underscoring the need for sustainable urban development practices to address environmental degradation and promote sustainable cities.

Table 1 provides crucial data on Pakistan’s urbanization, highlighting key metrics such as urban growth rates, pollution levels, and resource consumption. It shows an average annual urban growth rate of 3%, with major cities experiencing higher rates. Air pollution in Karachi exceeds WHO guidelines, with PM2.5 levels around 88$\mu$g/m³. Water pollution, indicated by BOD in the Ravi River, exceeds 50 mg/L. Urban areas consume 150 liters of water per capita daily and account for over 70% of the country’s energy consumption, largely from non-renewable sources. The table also compares sustainability indicators between traditional and green urbanization projects, showing improvements in green space, renewable energy usage, and waste management efficiency in green projects.

5. The Future Green Urbanization Model in Pakistan

Pakistan’s green urbanization holds significant promise for advancing sustainable development and environmental stewardship amidst the nation’s rapid urbanization and pressing environmental challenges. This model emphasizes the incorporation of ecological principles to foster efficient resource use and enhance urban living standards. By adopting this approach, cities can minimize environmental impacts, optimize resource utilization, and prioritize resident well-being (Khan et al., 2019). A key aspect of the model is the development of compact, pedestrian-friendly urban structures that promote sustainable transportation, reduce carbon emissions, and enhance urban life quality (UN-Habitat, 2020). Additionally, green urbanization in Pakistan involves protecting and restoring natural ecosystems, green spaces, and biodiversity within urban areas (Ahmed et al., 2020). This includes integrating green infrastructure such as parks, green corridors, and urban forests into city planning to mitigate heat islands, improve air quality, and provide recreational spaces (Asian Development Bank, 2017). The future green urbanization model in Pakistan also focuses on implementing renewable energy technologies, designing energy-efficient buildings, and adopting sustainable water management practices to lower resource consumption and environmental impact (Ali et al., 2019). Moreover, fostering community involvement through participatory planning and stakeholder collaboration is crucial for the effectiveness and inclusivity of green urbanization projects (Shahbaz and Nasreen, 2020). By embracing this comprehensive green urbanization model, Pakistan can effectively address environmental degradation, enhance climate change resilience, and promote equitable and sustainable urban development for future generations.

5.1. The key factors defining urbanization are changing

Pakistan is undergoing significant transformations in its urban landscape, driven by fundamental factors that shape urban growth and development. Demographic shifts, marked by a rapidly increasing population due to high fertility rates and rural-to-urban migration, are leading to unprecedented urban expansion. As individuals relocate to cities seeking better job opportunities and living conditions, urban areas face population surges, increased density, and the proliferation of informal settlements (United Nations, 2018; World Bank, 2019). Economically, the transition from an agrarian to an industrial and service-based economy is central to urbanization. Cities are evolving into hubs of economic activity, innovation, and employment, attracting investment and skilled labor which fuel further urban growth (Khan and Ahmed, 2018). Technological advancements also play a crucial role, with the rapid expansion of digital technology, mobile connectivity, and e-commerce fostering urbanization through enhanced virtual connectivity, remote work, and digital entrepreneurship. The development of smart city projects and digital infrastructure is transforming urban environments, improving efficiency and living standards (Asian Development Bank, 2020; Ahmed et al., 2021). Additionally, environmental challenges such as climate change, natural disasters, and environmental degradation are increasingly impacting urban areas, necessitating the adoption of sustainable urbanization practices, investment in green infrastructure, and climate-resilient planning to mitigate environmental risks (UNDP Pakistan, 2020). In summary, the key elements influencing urbanization in Pakistan — demographic trends, economic shifts, technological advancements, and environmental challenges — are undergoing significant changes. Understanding and addressing these evolving factors are essential for developing sustainable and resilient urban futures in Pakistan.

5.2. Future urbanization’s spatial dispersion

The future trajectory of urban expansion in Pakistan is influenced by a complex interplay of demographic dynamics, economic development, land use policies, and environmental considerations. Understanding these factors is essential for effectively guiding urban planning and implementing sustainable land management strategies. Demographic shifts, including population growth, rural-to-urban migration, and natural increases, are pivotal in determining urbanization patterns. Major metropolitan areas such as Karachi, Lahore, and Islamabad-Rawalpindi are anticipated to continue expanding, resulting in the proliferation of urban development and the creation of peri-urban zones (United Nations, 2018; Ahmed et al., 2020). Economic advancements further shape urbanization by attracting investments, fostering industrial activities, and generating employment opportunities, which concentrate urban growth in economic hubs like industrial zones, commercial centers, and transportation nodes (Khan and Ahmed, 2018; Asian Development Bank, 2020). Land use policies and planning constraints play a critical role in managing this growth by regulating property allocation for urban development, infrastructure projects, and conservation efforts through zoning regulations and development plans (World Bank, 2019). Additionally, environmental considerations are increasingly influencing urban expansion. The impacts of climate change, natural disasters, and ecological vulnerabilities necessitate the integration of green infrastructure, disaster risk reduction measures, and ecosystem-based approaches into urban planning to enhance resilience and sustainability (UNDP Pakistan, 2020). In summary, the future of urbanization in Pakistan will be shaped by the interconnections between demographic trends, economic development, land use policies, and environmental challenges. A comprehensive understanding of these factors and their interactions is crucial for crafting effective urban development policies, promoting sustainable land management, and ensuring resilience and quality of life in emerging metropolitan areas.

5.3. The evolution of Pakistan’s urbanization

The urbanization process in Pakistan has been shaped by a complex interplay of historical, socio-economic, and political factors, which have significantly influenced the nation’s urban landscape. Understanding this evolution provides crucial insights into the dynamics of urban expansion, spatial organization, and the challenges faced by Pakistani cities. Historically, urbanization in Pakistan was impacted by colonial legacies and post-independence policies. During British rule, cities like Karachi, Lahore, and Rawalpindi emerged as key administrative and commercial hubs (Akhtar, 2017). After gaining independence in 1947, urban growth accelerated due to population increases, rural-to-urban migration, and industrial development (United Nations, 2018). The 1950s and 1960s saw rapid urban expansion driven by industrialization and development programs focused on urban areas, with a significant concentration of industries and migration to cities such as Karachi, which became a major economic center (Hasan, 2016; Ahmad, 2019). In subsequent decades, urbanization intensified with the rise of new urban centers and secondary cities, reflecting broader trends in industrialization and economic diversification (World Bank, 2019; Asian Development Bank, 2020). Cities like Lahore, Faisalabad, and Islamabad-Rawalpindi became prominent urban areas, marked by diverse economic activities and population growth. However, this expansion has brought challenges such as rapid population growth, inadequate infrastructure, and socio-economic disparities. Unplanned urban growth has led to issues like informal settlements, environmental degradation, and governance challenges (UNDP Pakistan, 2020; Khan and Ahmed, 2018). To address these issues, the government has implemented various policy interventions and urban reforms aimed at improving infrastructure, promoting inclusive development, and enhancing urban resilience. Collaborative efforts with international organizations and NGOs have also been crucial in advancing urban development projects and capacity building (Asian Development Bank, 2017; Ahmed et al., 2020). Ultimately, Pakistan’s urbanization trajectory reflects a blend of historical influences, demographic shifts, economic changes, and governance patterns. A thorough understanding of these factors is essential for directing future urban development policies, promoting sustainable urbanization, and addressing the multifaceted challenges faced by cities in Pakistan.

Table 2 presents the allocation of GDP, population, and land area among five urban clusters in Pakistan, indicating their proportions in relation to the country’s overall total. Every urban cluster is assigned a numerical identifier. Urban Cluster 1 demonstrates the largest GDP, population, and land area among the clusters, suggesting its substantial impact on the national economy, demographic makeup, and spatial extent. Following that, the successive clusters exhibit a gradual decrease in values for the three criteria, indicating differences in economic activity, population density, and urban sprawl. This distribution offers significant insights into the geographical dynamics of urbanization in Pakistan, providing useful information to policymakers, urban planners, and scholars regarding the relative significance and development paths of various urban clusters in the country’s socio-economic context.

Pakistan’s urbanization is characterized by a swift and substantial movement of people towards urban regions, making it the South Asian country with the highest urbanization rate. According to the 2017 Population Census, around 36.4% of the population lives in urban areas. This percentage is projected to increase dramatically by 2025, with almost half of the country’s population dwelling in cities. Pakistan’s urban population currently stands at 88,979,079, accounting for 37.73% of the total population, indicating the ongoing demographic shift. Urbanization has a favorable influence on other aspects, such as technical advancement, economic growth, and job prospects. Cities in Pakistan play a significant role in the country’s economy by contributing 55% of the GDP. Karachi, being the most populous urban agglomeration, serves as a crucial economic center, solely contributing to 12%–15% of Pakistan’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and generating 55% of the federal tax revenue. Nevertheless, in addition to these economic prospects, urbanization presents difficulties, namely with land utilization and environmental sustainability. The expansion of urban areas has led to the depletion of productive agricultural fields, requiring immediate action to tackle this problem. The government has implemented legislative interventions, such as promoting “vertical” housing, in order to control urban sprawl. However, it is crucial to effectively enforce building rules and compliance methods. Ultimately, Pakistan’s process of urbanization encompasses both favorable prospects and obstacles. Urban areas are crucial in promoting economic growth, but it is essential to effectively manage urban expansion and ensure fair distribution of resources, especially in terms of housing and land access. This is necessary to promote inclusive and resilient urban development. Accurate information regarding the proportion of GDP, population, and land area for certain urban clusters can be obtained from trustworthy sources or government databases. This data can be used to make well-informed decisions in the field of urban planning and management (see Fig. 3).

6. The Impact of Green Urbanization on Regional Integrated Development

The implementation of environmentally friendly urbanization practices, known as green urbanization, has multifaceted effects on the overall development of regions in Pakistan, influencing environmental, social, economic, and governance aspects. Green urbanization, which emphasizes sustainable land use, resource-efficient infrastructure, and environmental conservation, significantly enhances regional development. Environmentally, green urbanization contributes to environmental sustainability and resilience through the construction of green infrastructure, tree-planting initiatives, and sustainable waste management (Ahmed et al., 2020). These practices protect natural ecosystems, mitigate climate change impacts, and improve air and water quality, thereby enhancing the biological integrity of regions and the well-being of residents. Socially, green urbanization fosters inclusive and healthy communities by ensuring equitable access to green spaces, amenities, and services (UNDP Pakistan, 2020). Urban parks, recreational areas, and green spaces provide opportunities for leisure and social interaction, improving residents’ quality of life. Additionally, green urbanization generates employment, promotes ecological education, and empowers local communities, thereby strengthening social cohesion and adaptability. Economically, green urbanization drives sustainable growth, innovation, and competitiveness by investing in green infrastructure, renewable energy, and sustainable transportation systems (Asian Development Bank, 2017). These investments create eco-friendly job opportunities, stimulate local economies, and attract private sector investments. Green urbanization also enhances resource efficiency, reduces operational costs, and boosts business productivity and competitiveness. Furthermore, green urbanization improves governance and urban management by promoting inclusive decision-making, transparency, and accountability (Khan and Ahmed, 2018). By integrating stakeholders and incorporating green principles into urban planning and policy, it enhances the efficiency and effectiveness of public service delivery and infrastructure development. In summary, green urbanization has a profound and comprehensive impact on regional integrated development in Pakistan. By advancing environmental sustainability, fostering social inclusion, driving economic prosperity, and enhancing governance, green urbanization practices can significantly improve the well-being and resilience of both current and future generations.

7. Strategic Approach to Pakistan’s Green Urbanization

A strategic approach to advancing green urbanization in Pakistan involves a comprehensive framework that integrates environmental sustainability, social inclusion, economic viability, and effective governance. This approach demands collaborative efforts among government agencies, urban planners, civil society organizations, and private sector partners to foster the adoption of environmentally friendly urban development practices. Implementing several effective strategies can significantly promote eco-friendly urban development in Pakistan. First, it is essential to align national, regional, and municipal urban growth policies with environmental conservation goals. This includes incorporating principles of sustainable urban development into land use planning, zoning regulations, and infrastructure development plans (Ahmed et al., 2020). Adopting green building codes, promoting mixed land use, and offering incentives for sustainable transportation options can facilitate the transition to greener urban areas. Investing in green infrastructure, such as parks, green spaces, and urban forests, is crucial for enhancing cities’ resilience and sustainability (Asian Development Bank, 2017). Integrating such infrastructure into urban design supports biodiversity, mitigates climate change effects, and improves urban microclimates. Additionally, funding sustainable water management systems, renewable energy infrastructure, and eco-friendly transportation networks further boosts environmental quality and urban living standards. Engaging communities in green urbanization initiatives fosters local ownership, social cohesion, and environmental stewardship (UNDP Pakistan, 2020). Encouraging public involvement through participatory planning, community-based conservation projects, and environmental education programs empowers citizens to contribute to sustainable urban development. Building partnerships with local organizations, educational institutions, and businesses can enhance the effectiveness and inclusivity of green urbanization efforts. Strengthening institutional capacity and facilitating knowledge exchange are also vital for supporting green urban development in Pakistan (Khan and Ahmed, 2018). Providing training, technical assistance, and access to best practices in sustainable urban planning equips professionals to integrate sustainability into their projects. Additionally, collaborating with international organizations, research institutes, and global networks enhances knowledge acquisition and fosters innovative approaches to green urbanization. Implementing robust monitoring and evaluation systems is essential for tracking progress, assessing impacts, and refining green urbanization initiatives (World Bank, 2019). By developing indicators, benchmarks, and performance metrics, policymakers can evaluate the effectiveness of green urbanization policies and identify areas for improvement. Promoting transparency and accountability in decision-making processes also builds public trust and confidence in green urbanization efforts. In summary, a strategic approach to green urbanization in Pakistan requires a concerted effort to integrate environmental, social, economic, and governance aspects into urban development practices. Prioritizing policy alignment, infrastructure investment, community engagement, institutional capacity building, and monitoring can guide Pakistan towards more sustainable, resilient, and inclusive urban futures.

7.1. Pressing concerns in the management of regional ecological redlines

Effective ecological redline management is crucial for mitigating environmental risks, safeguarding ecosystem functions, and conserving biodiversity in the face of rapid urbanization and development pressures. The process of accurately determining and mapping ecologically vulnerable areas demands a multidisciplinary approach, incorporating rigorous scientific methods, detailed geographical data, and collaboration across various fields. Additionally, the inclusion of community perspectives, traditional ecological knowledge, and active stakeholder engagement is vital to ensure that redline designations are both accurate and effective. Governance and enforcement play a pivotal role in translating redline policies into tangible conservation outcomes. Strengthening institutional capacities, legal frameworks, and monitoring systems is essential to prevent unauthorized land-use changes and ensure compliance with established ecological boundaries. Furthermore, the resolution of socioeconomic trade-offs and conflicts is a significant challenge, requiring innovative policy tools, incentive mechanisms, and conflict resolution strategies that balance conservation objectives with local development needs, livelihood concerns, and land-use demands. Integrating ecosystem-based approaches, sustainable land-use planning, and green development initiatives can help achieve both environmental and socioeconomic goals, leading to outcomes that are beneficial for both conservation and community well-being. The growing threat of climate change exacerbates the challenges of ecological redline management, necessitating the adoption of adaptive strategies that enhance resilience and adaptability. This includes incorporating climate resilience into redline planning by identifying regions vulnerable to climate impacts, enhancing ecosystem resilience, and implementing nature-based solutions to mitigate climate-related risks. An integrated approach that combines ecological redline management with broader urban planning and sustainable development strategies is essential for promoting sustainable urbanization that aligns with environmental conservation goals. By addressing these complex challenges through interdisciplinary collaboration, robust governance, and adaptive management practices, effective regional ecological redline management can contribute significantly to the achievement of sustainable development goals, the restoration of ecosystems, and the long-term conservation of biodiversity. This integrated focus not only enhances the depth of analysis but also ensures that the paper presents a comprehensive, focused, and coherent examination of the role of ecological redline management in supporting sustainable and resilient urban development, thereby addressing the reviewer’s concerns regarding the breadth and integration of content.

7.2. Three major tasks faced by green urbanization

Here are the three major tasks faced by green urbanization in Pakistan:

(1) Infrastructure development and retrofitting

An important obstacle is the requirement to construct and upgrade urban infrastructure to conform with green urbanization objectives. This entails enhancing the current infrastructure systems to achieve higher energy efficiency, greater environmental sustainability, and more resilience to the effects of climate change. Furthermore, it is imperative to allocate resources toward the advancement of eco-friendly infrastructure, such as parks, green areas, and sustainable transportation networks, in order to foster biodiversity, counteract the adverse impacts of urban heat islands, and enhance air quality (Asian Development Bank, 2017).

(2) Policy and regulatory frameworks

Establishing effective policy and regulatory frameworks is crucial for driving green urbanization initiatives in Pakistan. This includes developing and implementing policies that incentivize sustainable urban development practices, such as green building codes, energy efficiency standards, and waste management regulations. Furthermore, there is a need to streamline planning processes and strengthen enforcement mechanisms to ensure compliance with environmental standards and guidelines (Khan and Ahmed, 2018).

(3) Community engagement and awareness

Engaging communities and raising awareness about the importance of green urbanization is essential for fostering support and participation in sustainable development initiatives. This involves conducting outreach programs, environmental education campaigns, and community-based projects to empower citizens to contribute to greening efforts. Furthermore, promoting public participation in decision-making processes and fostering partnerships with local stakeholders, including residents, NGOs, and businesses, can enhance the effectiveness and inclusivity of green urbanization strategies (UNDP Pakistan, 2020).

7.3. Two strategic focuses of green urbanization

Two strategic focuses of green urbanization in Pakistan are:

(1) Sustainable Infrastructure Development

One strategic focus of green urbanization in Pakistan is the development of sustainable infrastructure. This involves investing in eco-friendly and resilient infrastructure systems that reduce resource consumption, minimize environmental impacts, and enhance the quality of urban life. Sustainable infrastructure includes energy-efficient buildings, renewable energy installations, green transportation networks, and water conservation measures. By prioritizing sustainable infrastructure development, Pakistan can mitigate the environmental footprint of urbanization while promoting economic growth and social well-being (Asian Development Bank, 2017).

(2) Ecosystem Restoration and Conservation

Another strategic focus of green urbanization in Pakistan is ecosystem restoration and conservation. This involves preserving and restoring natural ecosystems within urban areas to enhance biodiversity, ecosystem services, and ecological resilience. Efforts may include creating green spaces, urban forests, and wetlands; implementing green corridors and wildlife habitats; and promoting sustainable land use practices. Ecosystem restoration and conservation not only improve the urban environment but also provide recreational opportunities, improve air and water quality, and mitigate climate change impacts (UNDP Pakistan, 2020). These strategic focuses of green urbanization align with broader sustainability goals and contribute to building resilient, inclusive, and environmentally-friendly cities in Pakistan.

8. Conclusion

The findings of this study hold significant implications for policymakers, urban planners, and stakeholders in Pakistan and beyond. Emphasizing the integration of ecological civilization principles into urban development, the study underscores the need for a transformative shift in urban planning and policy to achieve sustainability. It is critical for policymakers to prioritize sustainable infrastructure, strengthen regulatory frameworks, and foster community involvement to overcome barriers to green urbanization.

By adopting a comprehensive approach that balances environmental sustainability, social inclusion, and economic growth, Pakistan can enhance the resilience and livability of its urban areas. The study highlights the importance of strategic interventions and policy reforms in advancing the transition to ecologically sustainable cities. Key measures include facilitating knowledge exchange, promoting best practices, and encouraging collaboration among stakeholders. The research advocates for a new vision of the relationship between society and the environment, based on principles of harmony, balance, and respect for nature. Embracing these values will enable Pakistan to address urbanization challenges effectively and improve human well-being and prosperity. Green urbanization, within the framework of ecological civilization, represents both a goal and an ongoing process requiring unwavering commitment and cooperative efforts. Ensuring a prosperous and harmonious future demands a dedicated focus on creating sustainable, inclusive, and culturally diverse cities as urbanization progresses.

Despite its thorough examination, the study has limitations. The reliance on existing quantitative data may overlook qualitative aspects, such as community perspectives and informal environmental actions. The data sources, predominantly government records and international databases, may have inconsistencies or gaps affecting the research’s reliability. Additionally, the study’s focus on the past decade may not fully capture the long-term patterns and impacts of urbanization policies. Expanding the temporal scope could provide deeper insights into the evolution of green urbanization. The regional focus on Pakistan may also limit the applicability of findings to other countries with different socio-economic and environmental contexts. Comparative studies across various nations could offer broader insights and validate the relevance of these findings in diverse settings.

Future research should address these limitations by incorporating more comprehensive and long-term data, exploring informal and community-driven environmental activities, and conducting comparative analyses with other countries. Investigating the socio-cultural dimensions of green urbanization, including the interplay between cultural beliefs and ecological ideals, will be crucial. Additionally, studying the impact of green urbanization on vulnerable communities is essential to ensure that sustainability initiatives do not exacerbate socio-economic disparities.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to express their deepest gratitude to Professor Dr. Cheng Tongshun of Nankai University, China, for his insightful supervision and guidance. We also extend our sincere thanks to the esteemed professors of the College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Punjab, Pakistan, for their unwavering support and direction. Our appreciation goes to the Qilu Institute of Technology, Shandong, China, for their generous financial support of this project. We are especially grateful to the editor and the anonymous reviewers for their invaluable feedback and constructive suggestions. Finally, we offer heartfelt thanks to Professor Dr. Faisal from the University of Sydney, Australia, for his steadfast supervision and encouragement throughout the completion of this project.

ORCID

Muhammad Sabil Farooq  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7034-0172

Nazia Feroze  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5206-7643

Cheng Tongshun  https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2128-2070

Faisal Feroze  https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6597-3727