7: Assessment and Management of Tinnitus and Hyperacusis

Tinnitus is a sound that is usually perceived within the head or ears. The current available health data suggest that roughly 10% of the US population have experienced tinnitus that lasts at least 5 minutes. Typically, a tinnitus that lasts <5 minutes is not considered as pathologic or significant. Tinnitus does not have any external source and it can be described as ringing, roaring, and static sounds or it may be perceived like a pulse. Tinnitus has been categorized as primary or secondary tinnitus. Primary tinnitus is usually associated with sensorineural hearing loss and the secondary tinnitus is frequently accompanied by other conditions such as ear infections or cardiovascular issues. Tinnitus is a pathologically heterogeneous ailment. This means that a variety of conditions can be associated with tinnitus or cause tinnitus. Tinnitus is a manageable condition and there are a variety of effective methods that are used in tinnitus centers around the world to help those who suffer from it. Providing empathic care and support to the patient from the clinician’s side and motivation and determination in getting better from the patient’s side usually result in significant reduction in the annoyance caused by tinnitus. Addressing the factors of sensation, emotion, and cognition in the management of tinnitus is essential. When tinnitus is associated with hearing loss, specific medical or surgical approach may also be used in parallel to sound or cognitive therapies.