Research PapersNo Access

INVESTIGATION OF SKIN LACERATION THRESHOLD UNDER A SPECIFIC CONDITION: BLADE PENETRATION TEST ON PORCINE SKIN

Product Analysis Center, Panasonic Corporation, 1048 Kadoma, Kadoma-shi, Osaka 571-8686, Japan

E-mail Address: ito.masato19@jp.panasonic.com

Corresponding author.

Department of Mechanical and Production Engineering, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi 2-no-cho, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan

Search for more papers by this author

RYOJI WATANABE

Product Analysis Center, Panasonic Corporation, 1048 Kadoma, Kadoma-shi, Osaka 571-8686, Japan

Search for more papers by this author

YUSUKE SHIMIZU

Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi 2-no-cho, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan

Search for more papers by this author

, and

YUJI TANABE

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0200-6479

Department of Mechanical and Production Engineering, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi 2-no-cho, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan

Search for more papers by this author

https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219519417501147Cited by:2 (Source: Crossref)

Abstract

Skin lacerations are not fatal but constitute one of the most common injuries in daily life. There is a need, therefore, for measures to prevent skin lacerations caused by accidents; however, since only a few engineering studies have been undertaken, the threshold of skin laceration is still unclear. In this study, the thresholds of skin laceration under moderate loading rate are proposed according to the results of penetration tests on porcine skin using a knife or blunt blade. In the tests, a sharp blade (knife) and blunt blade with an edge having a small radius of curvature were applied to the external surfaces of dorsal and ventral porcine skin specimens. Penetration tests using sharp blades showed that the average rupture load was 39.0N for dorsal skin and 36.0N for ventral skin. On the other hand, the results of the penetration tests using the blunt blade were statistically analyzed by ordinal logistic regression, because the rupture load could not be defined precisely based on the load sequence data. The regression curves show that the rupture loads for a 50% probability were within the range of 123.7N to 214.4N for dorsal region skin and 80.1N to 160.0N for ventral region skin.

Keywords:

References

1. National Consumer Affairs Center of Japan, Domestic accident situation collected from the medical institution network project: Elderly people (in Japanese), Press Release Document, 2013. URL http://www.kokusen.go.jp/news/data/n-20130328_3.html. Google Scholar
2. Sussman G, Golding M, Skin tears: Should the emphasis be only their management? Wound Pract Res 19 (2) :66–71, 2011. Google Scholar
3. Kataoka H, Washio T, Chinzei K, Mizuhara K, Sumone C, Allison MO, Measurement of the tip and friction force acting on a needle during penetration, Medical Image Comput Comput-Assisted Intervention — MICCAI 2002, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 2488, Springer, Berlin, pp. 216–223, 2002. Google Scholar
4. Fukushima Y, Saito K, Naemura K, Estimation of the cutting force using the dynamic friction coefficient obtained by reaction force during the needle insertion, The First CIRP Conf Biomanufacturing, Proc CIRP 5 :265–269, 2013. Crossref, Google Scholar
5. Fukushima Y, Naemura K, Estimation of the friction force during the needle insertion using the disturbance observer and the recursive least square, ROBOMECH J 1 :14, 2014. Crossref, Google Scholar
6. Chanthasopeephan T, Desai JP, Lau ACW, Measuring forces in liver cutting: New equipment and experimental results, Ann Biomed Eng 31 (11) :1372–1382, 2003. Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
7. Chanthasopeephan T, Desai JP, Lau ACW, Study of soft tissue cutting forces and cutting speeds, Stud Health Technol Inform 98 :56–62, 2004. Google Scholar
8. Chanthasopeephan T, Desai JP, Lau ACW, Determining fracture characteristics in scalpel cutting of soft tissue, Proc. Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics 2006 - BioRob 2006, The First IEEE/RAS-EMBS Int. Conf. IEEE, 2006, pp. 899–904, 2006. Google Scholar
9. Gilchrist MD, Keenan S, Curtis M, Cassidy M, Byrne G, Destrade M, Measuring knife stab penetration into skin simulant using a novel biaxial tension device, Forensic Sci Int 177 (1) :52–65, 2008. Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
10. McCarthy CT, Hussey M, Gilchrist MD, On the sharpness of straight edge blades in cutting soft solids: Part I — Indentation experiments, Eng Fract Mech 74 (14) :2205–2224, 2007. Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
11. McCarthy CT, Annaidh AN, Gilchrist MD, On the sharpness of straight edge blades in cutting soft solids: Part II — Analysis of blade geometry, Eng Fract Mech 77 (3) :437–451, 2010. Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
12. Shergold OA, Fleck NA, Mechanisms of deep penetration of soft solids, with application to the injection and wounding of skin, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 460 (2050) :3037–3058, 2004. Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
13. Shergold OA, Fleck NA, Experimental investigation into the deep penetration of soft solids by sharp and blunt punches with application to the piercing of skin, J Biomech Eng 127 (5) :838–848, 2005. Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
14. Shergold OA, Fleck NA, King TS, The penetration of a soft solid by a liquid jet, with application to the administration of a needle-free injection, J Biomech 39 (14) :2593–2602, 2006. Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
15. Annaidh AN, Bruyere K, Destrade M, Gilchrist MD, Ottenio M, Characterization of the anisotropic mechanical properties of excised human skin, J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 5 (1) :139–148, 2012. Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
16. Gallagher AJ, Annaidh AN, Bruyere J, Ottenio M, Xie H, Gilchrist MD, Dynamic tensile properties of human skin, Proc IRCOBI Conf 2012, IRC-12-59, pp. 494–502, 2012. Google Scholar
17. Jacquemoud C, Bruyere-Garnier K, Coret M, Methodology to determine failure characteristics of planar soft tissues using a dynamic tensile test, J Biomech 40 (2) :468–475, 2007. Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
18. Pramudita JA, Shimizu Y, Tanabe Y, Ito M, Watanabe R, Tensile properties of porcine skin in dorsal and ventral region, J Jpn Soc Exper Mech 14(Special Issue) :s245–s250, 2014. Google Scholar
19. Shergold OA, Fleck NA, Radford D, The uniaxial stress versus strain response of pig skin and silicone rubber at low and high strain rates, Int J Impact Eng 32 (9) :1384–1402, 2006. Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
20. Lim J, Hong J, Chen WW, Weerasooriya T, Mechanical response of pig skin under dynamic tensile loading, Int J Impact Eng 38 (2–3) :130–135, 2011. Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
21. Zhou B, Xu F, Chen CQ, Lu TJ, Strain rate sensitivity of skin tissue under thermomechanical loading, Phil Trans R Soc A 368 (1912) :679–690, 2010. Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
22. International Code Consortium, 2012 International Residential Code, 2012. Google Scholar
23. Ash HE, Unsworth A, Proximal interphalangeal joint dimensions for the design of a surface replacement prosthesis, Proc Inst Mech Eng H: J Eng Med 210 (2) :151–163, 1996. Crossref, Google Scholar
24. Ash HE, Unsworth A, Design of a surface replacement prosthesis for the proximal interphalangeal joint, Proc Inst Mech Eng H: J Eng Med 214 (2) :95–108, 2000. Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
25. Caro-Bretelle AS, Gountsop PN, Ienny P, Leger R, Corn S, Bazin I, Bretelle F, Effect of sample preservation on stress softening and permanent set of porcine skin, J Biomech 48 (12) :3135–3141, 2015. Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
26. Xu F, Lu TJ, Seffen KA, Effect of thermal damage on the compressive behavior of skin tissue, J Mech Med Biol 9 (1) :81–104, 2009. Link, Web of Science, Google Scholar
27. Meyer W, Kacza J, Zschemisch N-H, Godynicki S, Seeger J, Observations on the actual structural conditions in the stratum superficiale dermidis of porcine ear skin, with special reference to its use as model for human skin, Ann Anat 189 (2) :143–156, 2007. Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
28. Wakuri H, Kawamura K, Mutoh K, Anatomical observations on cleavage line patterns of the skin in adult pigs, Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn 70 (4) :181–194, 1993. Crossref, Google Scholar
29. Wakuri H, Liu J, Chen Y, Mutoh K, Developmental-anatomical observations on cleavage line patterns of the skin in Chinese miniature pigs, Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn 72 (6) :307–316, 1996. Crossref, Google Scholar
30. Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW, NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis, Nat Methods 9 :671–675, 2012. Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
31. R Development Core Team, R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, 2008. URL http://www.R-project.org Google Scholar
32. Ankersen J, Birkbeck AE, Thomson RD, Vanezis P, Puncture resistance and tensile strength of skin simulants, Proc Inst Mech Eng H: J Eng Med 213 (6) :493–501, 1999. Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
33. Annaidh AN, Cassidy M, Curtis M, Destrade M, Gilchrist MD, A combined experimental and numerical study of stab-penetration forces, Forensic Sci Int 233 (1–3) :7–13, 2013. Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
34. Rupp JD, Flannagan CA, Kuppa SM, Injury risk curves for the skeletal knee–thigh–hip complex for knee-impact loading, Accid Anal Prev 42 (1) :153–158, 2010. Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
35. Mertz HJ, Prasad P, Nusholtz G, Head injury risk assessment for forehead impacts, SAE Technical Paper Series, 960099, 1996. Google Scholar
36. Duma S, Boggess B, Bass C, Crandall J, Injury risk functions for the 5th percentile female upper extremity, SAE Technical Paper Series, 2003-01-0166, 2003. Google Scholar
37. Kent R, Patrie J, Chest deflection tolerance to blunt anterior loading is sensitive to age but not load distribution, Forensic Sci Int 149 (2–3) :121–128, 2005. Crossref, Web of Science, Google Scholar
38. Hosmer DW, Lemeshow S, Applied Logistic Regression, 2nd edn., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2000. Crossref, Google Scholar