Narrow Results

We study the combined effects of aging and links removal on epidemic dynamics in the Barabási–Albert scale-free networks. The epidemic is described by a susceptible-infected-refractory (SIR) model. The aging effect of a node introduced at time t_i is described by an aging factor of the form (t-t_i)^-β in the probability of being connected to newly added nodes in a growing network under the preferential attachment scheme based on popularity of the existing nodes. SIR dynamics is studied in networks with a fraction 1-p of the links removed. Extensive numerical simulations reveal that there exists a threshold p_c such that for p≥p_c, epidemic breaks out in the network. For p<p_c, only a local spread results. The dependence of p_c on β is studied in detail. The function p_c(β) separates the space formed by β and p into regions corresponding to local and global spreads, respectively.

Investigated in this study are precipitate evolution with and without addition of W, Co, and B in two kinds of 9-12% Cr steels (named as A and B) used for power plants after various aging time and temperature using OM, SEM, TEM, etc. Three kinds of precipitates (Cr-rich M₂₃C₆, Nb-rich and V-rich MX, W-rich and Mo-rich Laves phase) were observed and investigated in the two alloys. Upon aging, the area fraction of M₂₃C₆ increased whereas that of Laves phases decreased despite of increase in size. The area fraction of W-rich Laves phase was much higher than that of Mo-rich Laves phase, indicating that W addition, compared to that of Mo addition, is more powerful in the formation of Laves phase precipitation (specimen A). The martensitic microstructure of specimen B was more stable than that of specimen A due to the addition of cobalt and boron. The tensile test and impact test were measured and studied in relation to the long term aging effect.

The precipitation phenomena and the related hardening in an Al–Cu–Mg–Si alloy were studied by calorimetry, X-ray diffraction analysis and microhardness measurements. The main calorimetric peaks were identified to be due to β^′′, θ′ and Q′ phases precipitation. The hardening during aging at room temperature and 160°C, was respectively, explained by atomic clusters and GP zones formation and by GP zones and β^′′/θ′ phases coprecipitation. Although the mechanical properties variation during aging at 200°C is simple, the corresponding microstructural evolution is complex: on the basis of the DSC results, the increasing of microhardness values, is mainly due to the coprecipitation of GP zones and β^′′/θ′ phases, however, the maximum hardening is explained by the coexistence of β^′′/θ′ and θ^′′ phases. Another important conclusion is that during aging at 160°C and 200°C, the θ′ phase is essentially developed from GP zones.

The microstructures and mechanical properties of as-extruded Mg–2.3Zn–0.18Y–$x$Zr ($x$ = 0.03, 0.06 and 0.13 at.%) alloys and aged Mg–2.3Zn–0.18Y–0.13Zr alloy were studied. The results revealed that the microstructures of as-extruded Mg–2.3Zn–0.18Y–$x$Zr alloys are typical bimodal structures. The coarse $\alpha$-Mg grains are surrounded by fine dynamically recrystallized $\alpha$-Mg grains. The average size of $\alpha$-Mg grains decreases with increasing Zr content. Moreover, the addition of Zr (at.%) can improve the mechanical properties of alloy. The as-extruded Mg–2.3Zn–0.18Y–0.13Zr alloy has the best mechanical properties with ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and yield strength (YS) of 346 MPa and 292 MPa, respectively, and an elongation of 26.7%, which can be attributed to the grain refining effect and precipitate strengthening. The UTS and elongation of Mg–2.3Zn–0.18Y–0.13Zr alloy changed slightly after aging treatment, but the YS increases remarkably, with the maximum increase of 30 MPa. The fracture surfaces of all alloys consist of many tearing ridges and dimples.

This paper’s aim is to describe the results of the phase transformation of BCuAl₉Fe₄ alloy after casting, quenching and aging. After casting, the microstructure of this alloy consists of $\alpha$ phase with grain size about 100 $\mu$m, mixture $(\alpha +\gamma )$ and the inter-metallic phase Fe₃Al. However, the proportion of the $\alpha$ phase in the casting alloy is coarse. The alloy was heated at $850^{\circ }$C for 2 h then quickly cooling in water. After quenching, the microstructure of alloy shows that the grain size reduced to about 40 $\mu$m. After quenching, the alloy was aged at $350^{\circ }$C for 2 h, the martensite phase of this alloy decomposed into order phase ($\alpha +{\gamma }_2)$ with fine grain size, dispersed in the matrix. The intermetallic phase was fine and evenly dispersed in the matrix. By TEM analysis, after heat treatment, the structure of martensite and the inter-metallic phase in this alloy which had small grain size were formed.

The aging behavior of the random n-vector model with long-range interaction decaying as r^-(d+σ) (where d is the dimensionality), is investigated by the theoretic renormalization-group approach. The system initially disordered at a high temperature is firstly quenched to the critical temperature T_c and then released to an evolution with model A dynamics. The aging properties are studied by the short-time expansions. The scaling behavior of two-time response and correlation functions are obtained in a frame of the expansion in ∊ = 2σ-d. In dimensions d < 2σ, the long-time limit of the critical fluctuation dissipation ratio X^∞ is calculated up to one-loop order. The simulation of X^∞ is discussed.

A series of Y₂O₃ nanoparticles of average particle size 19–37 nm are synthesized by a glycine-nitrate method. Room temperature ferromagnetism is observed in all samples. The magnetization of these samples decreases with increasing annealing temperature, showing a size-dependent ferromagnetism. Vacuum-heating effect on the ferromagnetism is also investigated, which indicates that the observed ferromagnetism is possibly associated with oxygen defects. Interestingly, an aging behavior of the ferromagnetism is observed when the sample is exposed to air or immersed in ethanol. These results further support the oxygen-vacancy-mediated ferromagnetism mechanism.

In this work we analyze interbeat cardiac time series arising of three groups: healthy young and healthy elderly subjects and patients with congestive heart failure. We use the fractal dimension method proposed by Higuchi. We find that fractal organization is different for each group. In the case of healthy young subjects only one value of the fractal dimension is necessary to fit the interbeat data, whereas in the cases of healthy elderly and patients with congestive heart failure a crossover behavior in the fractal dimension is present but in opposite directions. By means of a "zoom" on the hinges of the crossover point interesting effects of aging are presented. Finally, we discuss our results in the context of heart interbeat dynamics.