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Copper oxide (CuO) nanostructures have gained popularity in glucose biosensor development due to their excellent electrochemical properties, affordability and ease of fabrication. This review examines the progress of glucose biosensors based on CuO nanostructures and shows differences between enzyme-based and enzyme-dependent systems. Enzyme-based glucose oxidase sensors offer high specificity but are hampered by difficulties associated with enzyme stability at different temperatures, pH and interfering inhibitors. Unlike nonenzyme-based sensors, those using glucose oxidation directly offer high sensitivity and long working life but are struggling with specificity. The main drivers of these sensors are nanostructure morphology, synthesis techniques, surface modifications and electrode materials. The switch from more conventional CuO to sophisticated nanostructures significantly improved the sensitivity and durability of the sensor. This research focuses on optimizing these variables to address existing limitations and to advance CuO nanostructures as leads for next-generation glucose biosensing technologies.

Electrochemical energy storage and conversion have been in a significant position for meeting the increasing demand for the development of the society. The design and preparation of high-performance functional semiconductor materials have played a critical role in the development of electrochemical energy storage and conversion. In this context, the nanostructures in functional semiconductor materials provide an alternative route by virtue of their unique and promising nanoscale. Controlling the geometrical parameters of nanostructures and thus forming expected nanomaterials is very important to the investigation and applications of functional semiconductor materials. In this review, we summarized the preparation and applications of the nanostructures for electrochemical energy storage and conversion. It demonstrates simple and controllable design methods for functional materials with ideal nanostructures.

Field-effect transistor (FET)-based biosensors exhibit excellent performance characteristics such as small size, ease of mass production, high versatility, and comparably low cost. In recent years, numerous FET biosensors based on various nanomaterials including silicon nanowires, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and transition metal dichalcogenides have been developed to detect a wide range of biomarkers that play a crucial role in early disease diagnosis, therapeutic monitoring and prognostic assessment. This review provides an overview of the structure, working principle, functionalization strategies and detection factors associated with FET biosensors based on diverse nanomaterials. Additionally, this paper discusses the applications of these diagnostic devices for detecting clinically relevant biomarkers such as nucleic acids, metabolites, proteins, cancer biomarkers, and hormones among others. The concluding section provides a comprehensive overview of the numerous challenges encountered in the widespread implementation of nanomaterial-based FET biosensors for clinical detection, while also presenting the future prospects for these biosensors based on current research advancements.