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Biofabrication for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine is a rapidly evolving field that incorporates bioprinting or bioassembly for the development of biologically functional products with structural organization using cells, bioactive molecules, and biomaterials. Bioprinting is a biofabrication technology that utilizes biomaterials, living cells, and supporting materials, called bioink, to generate three-dimensional tissue constructs. Bioprinting offers several advantages over traditional scaffolding and microengineering methods such as precise architecture control, high reproducibility, and versatility. The ideal bioink should possess appropriate structural, mechanical, gelation, rheological, chemical, biological, degradation, and biomimetic properties for the desired application of the final product. Several natural and synthetic bioinks have been developed and this review has focused on conductive nanomaterials that have been used in combination with hydrogel materials for bioink synthesis.

The aim of skeletal muscle tissue engineering is to replace or repair skeletal muscle functions that have been injured or lost part of their functions. Skeletal muscle tissue engineering is an important strategy for muscle injury repair. The previous review on skeletal muscle tissue engineering was limited to the discussion of seed cells, biological materials and growth factors. In recent years, research results in this field have continued to emerge. This paper first briefly introduces the anatomy of skeletal muscle, and then combines the latest domestic and foreign study, from the basic problems of tissue engineering skeletal muscle construction to its vascularization, neuralization, etc., to review the current research status of skeletal muscle tissue engineering using three-dimensional (3D) printing, and look forward to its research prospects.