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Two adult poodles were referred for severe corneal ulcers in both eyes (oculi uterque [OU]) for 1.5 months, and swollen eyelids for approximately 1 week. Ophthalmic examination revealed diffuse corneal edema with grayish deposit and ulcer, uveitis, glaucoma, grayish deposit and necrosis on the third eyelid and conjunctiva, eyelids necrosis, eyelid-eyeball adhesions, and blindness. Cytological examination of the conjunctiva and cornea revealed neutrophilic inflammation, and a bacterial culture revealed Staphylococcus aureus. An adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation test was performed, strongly indicating iatrogenic hyperadrenocorticism. No improvement was observed after 2 weeks of antibiotic treatment. Fungal cultures from the cornea and conjunctiva were positive for Candida spp. Specific antifungal treatment included topical 5% natamycin eye drops (OU six times daily) and oral itraconazole (5mg/kg q12h). The grayish deposits of the conjunctiva and cornea were sloughed off, thus facilitating the healing of corneal and eyelids ulcers, over the next 3–4 weeks. Phthisis bulbi and eyelid-eyeball adhesions developed in both dogs after 6 months of follow-up. Based on the fungal isolation by culture, clinical signs, and response to antifungal treatment, Candida spp. panophthalmitis was diagnosed. Fungi should be considered a potential organism in panophthalmitis, especially with a medical history of steroids and antibiotic use. This case report demonstrates the grayish deposits of the cornea, conjunctiva, and third eyelid as possible characteristics of Candida infection in the dogs. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Candida panophthalmitis with iatrogenic hyperadrenocorticism in dogs.

The severity of canine acute pancreatitis (AP) is highly variable. Clinically applicable severity scoring algorithms are limited. One-hundred-thirty-four dogs diagnosed with AP and hospitalized between 2009 and 2014 were selected for analysis to develop a severity scoring system. Eleven variables, i.e. age, hemoglobin, red blood cell count, albumin, total bilirubin, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, phosphorus, potassium, presence of systemic inflammatory response syndrome and oliguria/anuria after rehydration (Day 2 to Day 4) were significantly abnormal and selected by logistic regression to predict the outcome. A scoring system was developed by incorporating weighting factors assigned to each quartile based on the odds ratio integer value. A predictive score is the sum of all weighting factors for each dog. Receiver-operating curve analyses were performed to assess the sensitivity, specificity and optimal cut-off point of the outcome predictions. The scores of 134 dogs after rehydration ranged from 11 to 78 points. The mean score was $32.9\pm 20.0$, and the median score was 23 points. The optimal cut-off point for outcome prediction of the scoring system was 35.5, with a sensitivity of 96% and a specificity of 89.3%. The mortality was 85.5% with a score of $>36$, whereas 3.8% had a score of $\le 36$. Dogs with a score $<26$ all survived. The severity scoring system provides a reliable and clinically applicable method to assess disease severity in dogs with clinically AP at the time point after rehydration.

Importance: This case report describes a rare presentation of scrotal herniation and strangulation of the small intestine in a 3-year-old intact male mixed-breed dog. This condition is noteworthy due to its potential for severe complications and the scarcity of documented cases in the veterinary literature, contributing to the limited body of knowledge on scrotal hernias in dogs, especially those involving intestinal strangulation. Case Presentation: The dog presented with unilateral scrotal swelling, persistent vomiting and inappetence for 10 days. Physical examination revealed inflamed and tender scrotal regions, with the left side more prominently affected. Radiographic findings indicated dilated small intestines and increased radiopacity in the scrotal area. Surgical intervention revealed a swollen left testicle and a hemorrhagic loop of small intestines within the scrotum. A midline celiotomy was performed to resect and anastomose the devitalized intestinal segment, followed by herniorrhaphy. Conclusions and Relevance: The patient recovered uneventfully and resumed normal activities within a week post-surgery. This case highlights the clinical importance of timely diagnosis and surgical management of scrotal hernias in dogs to prevent life-threatening complications, underscoring the need for awareness of such presentations among veterinarians. The successful outcome in this case supports the efficacy of surgical intervention in similar scenarios, potentially guiding future clinical practices.