Narrow Results

We consider a version of large population games whose players compete for resources using strategies with adaptable preferences. The system efficiency is measured by the variance of the decisions. In the regime where the system can be plagued by the maladaptive behavior of the players, we find that diversity among the players improves the system efficiency, though it slows the convergence to the steady state. Diversity causes a mild spread of resources at the transient state, but reduces the uneven distribution of resources in the steady state.

The chaotic complexity properties of semiconductor lasers in the chaotic synchronization systems are investigated numerically, based on the information theory based quantifier, the permutation entropy (PE). We find that, on the one hand, the degree of complexity for the master laser increases with the feedback strength firstly and then saturate at higher feedback strength, but are hardly affected by the feedback delay. On the other hand, for the slave laser, the complexity degree is closer to that for the master laser when the high quality chaos synchronization is obtained, which shows that, the PE method is a successful quantifier to evaluate the degree of complexity for the chaotic signals in chaos synchronization systems, and can be considered as a complementary tool to observe the synchronization quality.

All complex life on Earth is composed of ‘eukaryotic’ cells. Eukaryotes arose just once in 4 billion years, via an endosymbiosis — bacteria entered a simple host cell, evolving into mitochondria, the ‘powerhouses’ of complex cells. Mitochondria lost most of their genes, retaining only those needed for respiration, giving eukaryotes ‘multi-bacterial’ power without the costs of maintaining thousands of complete bacterial genomes. These energy savings supported a substantial expansion in nuclear genome size, and far more protein synthesis from each gene.

The efficiency of complex industrialized farming systems are compared to that of natural environmental systems while taking into account economic and environmental benefit as well as the needs of farmers and cattle.