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Most economic concepts such as the market, competition, flexibility, pricing of production factors and consumption theory no longer reflect the reality of the contemporary situation. The current economic model and political system form a synthesis of fiduciary economics and privilege political systems. The exponential rise in material wealth amassed over the industrial age is unsustainable when figuring in the availability of resources. Even more interesting is how it may run counter to human instincts, our gene structure, and how the mindset and behavioral pattern are forged. As the economy and society evolves, combining in-depth knowledge across various disciplines is crucial to furthering our understanding of the world.

Managers are faced with increased complexity and unexpected risks. This article raises some reasons for the increase in complexity and risks. It also describes the tools and approaches used to anticipate some of these risks and how to mitigate against them. The usefulness of the scenario planning process is also indicated. The type of behavioral biases that makes risk identification difficult is also explained.

We use the theory of nonlinear dynamical systems to measure the complexity of currency markets by estimating the correlation dimension of the returns of the Dollar/Pound and Dollar/Yen daily exchange rates (the spot rates). We test the significance of the results by comparing them to correlation dimension estimates for surrogate time series, i.e. stochastic linear time series with the same power spectrum and amplitude distribution as given by the original data. We find discernible nonlinear structure in the returns of the Dollar/Pound daily rate.

Leadership theories have evolved over the decades, reflecting its complex and multifaceted nature. This narrative literature review aims to analyze significant leadership literature in popular leadership course books and published peer-reviewed English articles, from which future research directions can be extrapolated. Various development stages of leadership, which hold different research values, are examined and discussed. Since some emerging theories appear to be understudied (shared/distributive leadership, complexity theory of leadership, etc.), there are arguably much scope and opportunities for these to be developed in the future.