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Most economic concepts such as the market, competition, flexibility, pricing of production factors and consumption theory no longer reflect the reality of the contemporary situation. The current economic model and political system form a synthesis of fiduciary economics and privilege political systems. The exponential rise in material wealth amassed over the industrial age is unsustainable when figuring in the availability of resources. Even more interesting is how it may run counter to human instincts, our gene structure, and how the mindset and behavioral pattern are forged. As the economy and society evolves, combining in-depth knowledge across various disciplines is crucial to furthering our understanding of the world.

Managers are faced with increased complexity and unexpected risks. This article raises some reasons for the increase in complexity and risks. It also describes the tools and approaches used to anticipate some of these risks and how to mitigate against them. The usefulness of the scenario planning process is also indicated. The type of behavioral biases that makes risk identification difficult is also explained.

Leadership theories have evolved over the decades, reflecting its complex and multifaceted nature. This narrative literature review aims to analyze significant leadership literature in popular leadership course books and published peer-reviewed English articles, from which future research directions can be extrapolated. Various development stages of leadership, which hold different research values, are examined and discussed. Since some emerging theories appear to be understudied (shared/distributive leadership, complexity theory of leadership, etc.), there are arguably much scope and opportunities for these to be developed in the future.

In this paper, the author describes the fundamental theory and research methodologies in the field of fictitious economy. Fictitious economy refers to all activities of fictitious capital mainly based on financial platform. Compared with real economy, fictitious economy is another economic pattern, including its structure and evolution, existing at economic system, which can be viewed as “software” of economy. Although the concept of fictitious capital was initiated by Karl Marx, it has been expanded to include credit capital, knowledge capital, and social capital. According to this, the development of fictitious economy has five stages: (i) capitalization of spare money, (ii) socialization of profitable capital, (iii) marketization of priced security, (iv) internationalization of financial market, and (v) integration of global finance. The exchange and reexchange are a major movement of fictitious capital. While the uncertain price of fictitious capital creates the possibility of profitable investment, its expansion produces risk and its movement could not directly increase social wealth. The system of fictitious economy has five characteristics such as complexity, stability, high-risk, parasitism, and periodicity. This paper outlines the challenging research problems, including relationships between fictitious economy and real economy, regulatory factors, risk analysis and prevention, and evaluation system in fictitious economy. In addition, it elaborates on six research methods, known as complexity science, decision making under uncertainty, group decision making, complex data analysis for decision support, mathematical finance, and computer simulation to deal with fictitious economy problems.