Narrow Results

This paper examines the population trends in Singapore over the next 50 years. The component method is employed in the projection calculations. The aging of Singapore's resident population is well-known. The projections show that the Singaporean population will reach a maximum of about 3.63 million in the year 2025 before steadily declining to reach 3.32 million by the year 2050. The population projections were also done in terms of gender and ethnic groups. Dependency ratios, weighted and unweighted were also calculated assuming different retirement ages. Remarks on some policy implications of these projections are provided.

It is widely believed that identity with Taiwanese or Chinese is the major cleavage in Taiwan. People who hold Taiwanese identity tend to vote for the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) and those who identify themselves as both Chinese and Taiwanese are likely to vote for the Kuomintang. As the proportion of Taiwanese identifiers increases, the geographical difference seems to persist. Whether national identity is associated with regional line and why they are correlated is a pressing question. This paper uses the 2012 presidential election survey data to explore the extent to which regional divide accounts for national identity. Using generalized linear mixed effect model (GLMM), this research finds minor regional divide in terms of ethnicity concentration and economic structure. However, ethnic background is influential on national identity while retrospective evaluation and democratic value are significant predictors. This mixed result suggests that people in Taiwan have united national identity should geographical difference remain or even decrease, and that we should remain watchful about the influence of democratic value and economic concern.

Based on the literature about the role of rising nationalism in recent world politics, this paper proposes a nationalism-oriented causal model to explain the voting choices of different social groups. With an interest-identity framework, this generic model is applied to Taiwan’s 2016 presidential election to examine whether and to what extent 11 causal mechanisms influence the voting choices of four groups defined by generation, class, and ethnicity. The findings not only reveal generational, class-based, and ethnic differences in Taiwanese voting behavior; they also show that the election was largely one of identity politics centered around the issues of national identity and democratic identification, making the “interest card” played by Beijing less effective in swaying voter choices. This explains why Beijing’s divide-and-conquer economic policy successfully divided Taiwanese voters but failed in the end to prevent the pro-independence candidate from winning the election. The findings also indicate that the economic concerns of voters promoted both their Taiwanese identity and support for Taiwan independence, while identification with Taiwan’s democracy contributed directly to the former and only indirectly to the latter. Overall, the model presents a more fine-grained analysis of nationalist politics and may be applied to the studies of other political behaviors involving nationalism.

This study explores the financial intermingling behavior of Mexican-American and Korean-American owned and operated small businesses. It posits that ethnically-owned and -operated small businesses with strong familial ties and more limited access to financial capital are more likely to intermingle financial resources than other small businesses. Mexican-American small business owners typically have very strong familial ties, while Korean-American small business owners typically have very strong community ties. Perhaps more importantly, Mexican-American small business owners have less access to pools of community capital than Korean-American small business owners. Therefore, it is expected that Mexican-American small business owners are more likely to intermingle financial resources than Korean-American small business owners. Even when controlling for the time in United States and English language spoken in the household, this study suggests Mexican-American small business owners are more likely to intermingle financial resources than Korean-American small business owners. Within these two ethnic groups, similar factors contribute to intermingling. Small business owners living in rural areas and borrowers are more likely to intermingle financial resources for both ethnic groups.

It is well established in previous research that female and minority entrepreneurs are less successful with business ventures in comparison to whites and males. In that same literature, motivation and growth expectations have been shown to be positively associated with business success. This paper examines how motivations and business goals differ by gender and race and how they affect disparity in business outcomes. Using data from the Second Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics (PSED II), we find that stronger motivations for financial gain have a negative effect on business survival rate for black women and Hispanic men. In contrast, the effect is positive for black men and Hispanic women. When considering interactions between financial motivations, race and gender, various significant effects were found and are detailed in the paper. It is important for researchers and practitioners who want to promote entrepreneurship to understand the differences and adapt advisory and training curricula accordingly.

The question of how innovation comes about, and the circumstances under which it prospers, is a question that has continued to be the focus of academic research on innovation creation. Recent works have focused on how the capacity to innovate hinges on the ability to form networks; hence, the importance of the research. The article therefore answers the research question of whether the network relationships between similar ethnic, education background, and geographically clustered groups plays a significant role in innovation creation or not? Using the theoretical concept of a Small World Network, we use case study methodology to study the origins of several companies from the technology sector, who in recent years have emerged as successful businesses. The article examines the small world network dimensions of ethnicity, education, geography and the binding subject matter interest that initially formed these relationships, as well as the impact that these relationships have on innovation creation and business success.

Construction industries in developing countries need to shift perceptions to include other ethnic groups. Differences in perceptions result in miscommunication and have these consequences: (i) misinterpretation of messages and resentment arising from behavior that is inappropriate to the worker's culture; (ii) different ethnic groups avoiding contact with each other because of inter-cultural tensions; and (iii) poor efficiency. A study was undertaken in South Africa in which groups of construction site workforce were trained in communication skills with an accent on cross cultural communication. After the training, participants were interviewed to complete the sourcing of data on behavioral changes. Results showed an improved ability in trainees to cooperate.

Religion, ethnicity, and political ideology all lend themselves to the perpetration of mass atrocities by creating a sense of identity that sets up an Us/Them dichotomy. Atrocities are modelled here as arising from the motive of acquiring territory but augmented by other-regarding preferences that capture the role of identity. My empirical results using data for the period 1800–2020 confirm that all these identity-driven motivators are associated with mass atrocities, with religion being more powerful than ethnicity. Monotheistic religions (with the strong exception of Judaism) are seen to be associated with more mass atrocity deaths than (polytheistic) Hinduism, lending partial credibility to Hume’s (1757/2010) view on the intolerance of monotheism. While democracies are associated with fewer mass atrocities than autocracies, Christian liberal democracies are not. My statistical analysis rejects the popular presumption that Islam is more violent than Christianity. In fact, in the post-World War II (WWII) era, among the major religions Christianity has been associated with the most mass atrocity deaths. The results also show that mass deaths were higher in atrocities that took place in settler colonies, especially in the post-WWII period of decolonisation. Using mass atrocities as the metric of violence, the correlations found in the empirical work of this paper offer many new and surprising findings.

South Florida is an area where entrepreneurship is very much alive. South Florida is a new frontier; a hundred-year-old region than is constantly changing, growing and evolving as it carves out new niches through the mobility of its local and foreign entrepreneurs. The entrepreneurship manifested locally has opened new frontiers for the region and, as a consequence, for frontiers all over the world. Entrepreneurship opportunities challenge South Floridians to sink or swim in the turbulent waters of international trade and finance.The main objective in this article is to explore the contribution of entrepreneurship and other variables to the economy of South Florida. Although entrepreneurship has played in the past and continues to have at present, a very important role in the area's economy, its future position is far from being assured.

Drawing upon the historical use of Las Castas — paintings of racialized identity categories during the Spanish colonial era — we use this chapter to explore stories of discrimination and how it persists in Mexico. Borrowing from non-corporeal actant theory, we set out to explore differences and inequality formations of multiple identities. Inequity is symbolized through the names given to biracial and multiracial castes and overtly presented through the arrangement and numbering of categories in the paintings. We overlay contemporary understandings of oppression and opportunity found in the Latin American Public Opinion Project (LAPOP). New antenarratives of hierarchies appear along with the persistence of the old. In particular, the hierarchical positions of those whose ancestors are Spanish and Indigenous have improved over time, while those who identify as Indigenous remain disadvantaged. The stories that we surface suggest that racial differences co-existed in colonial-Mexico and remnants of the caste system may still haunt social life of citizens today. The research attempts to build on scholarship that identified ideas of discrimination as persistent actors in evolving networks. It also contributes to our understanding of how oppressive systems and discrimination are transmedial, persisting as stories embedded in, and reinforced by, complex understandings of interaction. One can plausibly conclude that oral narratives are transmediated both in the art of classic paintings and in response to questions of the LAPOP.

The incompleteness of race and ethnicity information in real-world data (RWD) hampers its utility in promoting healthcare equity. This study introduces two methods—one heuristic and the other machine learning-based—to impute race and ethnicity from genetic ancestry using tumor profiling data. Analyzing de-identified data from over 100,000 cancer patients sequenced with the Tempus xT panel, we demonstrate that both methods outperform existing geolocation and surname-based methods, with the machine learning approach achieving high recall (range: 0.859-0.993) and precision (range: 0.932-0.981) across four mutually exclusive race and ethnicity categories. This work presents a novel pathway to enhance RWD utility in studying racial disparities in healthcare.