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Population study is a fundamental unit in social science. Demography concerns itself with the dynamics of population behavior, primarily with respect to the size and structure, as well as movement. China is the largest country in the world, with an immense population of more than 1.3 billion people today, which constitutes almost one-fifth of the world's total. China has a huge population, but a poor foundation with relatively inadequate and unevenly distributed natural resources. These are China's basic national conditions. Population changes may have profound consequences for a wide range of areas in sociology, demography, social policy and others. Insight into these changes is of great value for many purposes, and will benefit researchers and policy makers in different fields. This chapter deals mainly with questions of Chinese population, in particular, the size, characteristics, growth, and the factors affecting the changes in population.