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This paper introduces a new technique in ecology to analyze spatial and temporal variability in environmental variables. By using simple statistics, we explore the relations between abiotic and biotic variables that influence animal distributions. However, spatial and temporal variability in rainfall, a key variable in ecological studies, can cause difficulties to any basic model including time evolution.

The study was of a landscape scale (three million square kilometers in eastern Australia), mainly over the period of 1998–2004. We simultaneously considered qualitative spatial (soil and habitat types) and quantitative temporal (rainfall) variables in a Geographical Information System environment. In addition to some techniques commonly used in ecology, we applied a new method, Functional Principal Component Analysis, which proved to be very suitable for this case, as it explained more than 97% of the total variance of the rainfall data, providing us with substitute variables that are easier to manage and are even able to explain rainfall patterns. The main variable came from a habitat classification that showed strong correlations with rainfall values and soil types.

Nowadays, translating information about hydrologic and soil properties and processes across scales has emerged as a major theme in soil science and hydrology, and suitable theories for upscaling or downscaling hydrologic and soil information are being looked forward. The recognition of low-order catchments as self-organized systems suggests the existence of a great amount of links at different scales between their elements. The objective of this work was to research in areas of homogeneous bedrock material, the relationship between the hierarchical structure of the drainage networks at hillslope scale and the heterogeneity of the particle-size distribution at pedon scale. One of the most innovative elements in this work is the choice of the parameters to quantify the organization level of the studied features. The fractal dimension has been selected to measure the hierarchical structure of the drainage networks, while the Balanced Entropy Index (BEI) has been the chosen parameter to quantify the heterogeneity of the particle-size distribution from textural data. These parameters have made it possible to establish quantifiable relationships between two features attached to different steps in the scale range. Results suggest that the bedrock lithology of the landscape constrains the architecture of the drainage networks developed on it and the particle soil distribution resulting in the fragmentation processes.

In this paper, a GIS-based method was developed to extract the real-time traffic information (RTTI) from the Google Maps system for city roads. The method can be used to quantify both congested and free-flow traffic conditions. The roadway length was defined as congested length (CL) and free-flow length (FFL). Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan Province in the southwest of China, was chosen as a case study site. The RTTI data were extracted from the Google real-time maps in May 12–17, 2013 and were used to derive the CL and FFL for the study areas. The Multifractal Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (MFDFA) was used to characterize the long-term correlations of CL and FFL time series and their corresponding multifractal properties. Analysis showed that CL and FFL had demonstrated time nonlinearity and long-term correlations and both characteristics differed significantly. A shuffling procedure and a phase randomization procedure were further integrated with multifractal detrending moving average (MFDMA) to identify the major sources of multifractality of these two time series. The results showed that a multifractal process analysis could be used to characterize complex traffic data. Traffic data collected and methods developed in this paper will help better understand the complex traffic systems.

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