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Laser ablation of sintered SiO₂:TiO₂ targets using Nd:YAG lasers at fundamental (1064nm) harmonic generation in the air has been studied using optical emission spectroscopy. Exploring the spatial fluctuations in electron temperature ($T_e$) and electron density ($n_e$), there is a discussion of how laser energy affects electron temperature ($T_e$) and electron density ($n_e$). Laser energy has also been shown to affect the intensity and velocity of neutral and ion species. Using existing data and theory, the findings were confirmed following the local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) hypothesis. Plasma properties such as Debye length (${\lambda }_d$), ($N_d$) and plasma frequency ($w_p$) were also studied in this study. Using a laser, we found that all plasma parameters were affected. In addition, the calculated inverse Bremsstrahlung absorption coefficients (${\alpha }_{IB}$) were altered.

This work studies the relationship between laser irradiance and pulse frequency effect on plasma features of the TiO₂. This target was irradiated by a Q-switched nanosecond Nd: YAG laser with the first harmonic generation (FHG) wavelength (1064nm), laser energy 500mJ, and pulse frequency ranging from 6Hz to 10Hz at atmospheric pressure. The Boltzmann plot and the Stark broadening methods calculated the plasma parameters ($T_e$ and $n_e)$. The findings were examined in light of the previously published experiments and theories, and it was discovered that they agreed with the hypothesis of the local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE); on the other hand, research was conducted on the other basic plasma properties such as the Debye length (${\lambda }_D$), the Debye sphere ($N_D$), and the plasma frequency (${\omega }_P$). We observed that all plasma parameters are influenced by pulse frequency. The results clarify the linear change in electron temperature at increasing pulse frequency for TiO₂ plasma. In contrast, the broadening of the line profiles related to electron density was evident with pulse frequency, causing an increase in electron density.