Narrow Results

After a prologue which clarifies some issues left open in my last paper, the main features of the tetron model of elementary particles are discussed in the light of recent developments, in particular the formation of strong and electroweak vector bosons and a microscopic understanding of how the observed tetrahedral symmetry of the fermion spectrum may arise.

In this paper we consider the most general field equations for a system of two fermions of which one single-handed, showing that the spin-torsion interactions among these spinors have a structure identical to that of the electroweak forces among leptons; possible extensions are discussed.

This paper supplements a recent work [B. Lampe, Int. J. Theor. Phys.51, 3073 (2012)] in which it was pointed out that the observed spectrum of quarks and leptons can arise as quasi-particle excitations in a discrete internal space. The latter paper concentrated on internal vibrational modes and it was only noted in the end that internal spin waves ("mignons") might do the same job. Here it will be shown how the mignon-mechanism works in detail. In particular the Shubnikov group A₄ + S (S₄ - A₄) will be used to describe the spectrum and the mignetic ground state is explicitly given.

For the first time accurate measurements of electron and positron fluxes in the energy range 0.2 ÷ 10 GeV have been performed with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) at altitudes of 370 ÷ 390 km in the geographic latitude interval ±51.7°. We focused on the under-cutoff lepton fluxes inside the region of the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA), defined as region where the local magnetic field B ≤ 0.26 G.

A clear transtion region from stably-trapped flux typical of the lnner Van Allen Belts to quasi-trapped flux typical underneath the Van Allen Belts is observed in the SAA up to energies O(Gev).

The observations strongly support positrons abundance in the Inner Van Allen Belts, both in the stably trapped component and in the quasi-trapped one.

The flux maps as a function of the canonical adiabatic variables L, α_o are presented for the intervval 0.95 < L < 3, 0° < α_o < 90° for electrons (E < 10 GeV) and positrons (E < 3 GeV). The results are compared with existing data at lower energies.

We bring to light an electroweak model which has been reappearing in the literature under various guises.${}^{1-5}$ In this model, weak isospin is shown to act automatically on states of only a single chirality (left). This is achieved by building the model exclusively from the raising and lowering operators of the Clifford algebra $ℂl(4)$. That is, states constructed from these ladder operators mimic the behaviour of left- and right-handed electrons and neutrinos under unitary ladder operator symmetry. This ladder operator symmetry is found to be generated uniquely by $su{(2)}_L$ and $u{(1)}_Y$. Crucially, the model demonstrates how parity can be maximally violated, without the usual step of introducing extra gauge and extra Higgs bosons, or ad hoc projectors.

We study the magnetic moment of leptons in extremely hot universe and superdense media of stars at high temperatures. Anomalous magnetic moment of charged leptons is inversely proportional to its mass, whereas the induced dipole moment of neutral leptons is directly proportional to their mass. Neutral massive point particles exert nonzero magnetic moment as a higher order effect, which is smaller than the anomalous magnetic moment of a charged particle of their same flavor partner. All leptons acquire some extra mass due to their interaction with the medium and affect the magnetic moment accordingly. We compare the contribution to the magnetic moment of various leptons due to their temperature and chemical potential dependent masses. It is shown that the magnetic moment contributions are nonignorable for lighter leptons and heavy neutrinos. These calculations are very important to study the particle propagation in the early universe and in superdense stellar media.

A new classification of the fundamental particles based upon the use of only three additive quantum numbers (charge, particle number, generation quantum number) compared with the nine additive quantum numbers of the Standard Model (charge, lepton number, muon lepton number, tau lepton number, baryon number, strangeness, charm, bottomness, topness) is presented. This classification provides a new basis for the weak isospin symmetry characteristic of both leptons and quarks.

The relation between strong isospin I and weak isospin i is discussed. In particular an equation between the third components I₃ and i₃ is given. This relation indicates that the strong isospin and weak isospin symmetries are both SU(2) subgroups of a new SU(3) symmetry underlying the structure of leptons and quarks.

The different interpretations of quark mixing involved in weak interaction processes in the Standard Model and the Generation Model are discussed with a view to obtaining a physical understanding of the Cabibbo angle and related quantities. It is proposed that hadrons are composed of mixed-quark states, with the quark mixing parameters being determined by the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix elements. In this model, protons and neutrons contain a contribution of about 5% and 10%, respectively, of strange valency quarks.

The origin of mass in the standard model of particle physics is discussed and some difficulties pointed out. An alternative model, the generation model, will be shown to lead to a different concept of mass: the mass of a body arises from the energy stored in the motion of its constituents, so that if a particle has mass, then it is composite. It is suggested that gravity is a residual interaction arising from the incomplete cancellation of the super-strong color interactions, which bind the fundamental constituents (rishons) of leptons and quarks.

A quantum theory of gravity, based upon a composite model of leptons and quarks, is presented. The model treats leptons and quarks as composites of three kinds of spin- particles (rishons) and/or their antiparticles. A strong color force, mediated by massless hypergluons, binds rishons and/or antirishons together to form colorless leptons or colored quarks, the fundamental particles of the Standard Model. The new model provides a qualitative understanding of the mass hierarchy of the three generations of leptons and quarks. An earlier conjecture that the residual interaction of the strong color force acting between any two colorless particles be identified with the corresponding gravitational interaction, is shown to lead approximately to Newton's law of gravitation.

CP symmetry is defined and examined. The failure of CP symmetry in the kaon, D and B systems is outlined and discussed. The discussion is extended to leptons.

Kaons and pions are observed by their characteristic decay times of 12, 52 and 26 ns after impact of relatively weak ns-long laser pulses on ultra-dense hydrogen H(0), as reported previously. The signal using an ultra-dense protium p(0) generator with natural hydrogen is now studied. Deflection in a weak magnetic field or penetration through metal foils cannot distinguish between the types of decaying mesons. The signals observed are thus not caused by the decaying mesons themselves, but by the fast particles often at $>50$MeV u${}^{-1}$ formed in their decay. The fast particles are concluded to be mainly muons from their relatively small magnetic deflection and strong penetration. This is further supported by published studies on the direct observation of the beta decay of muons in scintillators and solid converters using the same type of p(0) generator.

The lepton-charge (L_e, L_μ, L_τ) nonconserving interaction leads to the mixing of the electron, muon and tau neutrinos, which manifests itself in spatial oscillations of a neutrino beam, and also to the mixing of the electron, negative muon and tau lepton, which, in particular, may be the cause of the "forbidden" radiative decay of the negative muon into the electron and γ quantum. Under the assumption that the nondiagonal elements of the mass matrices for neutrinos and ordinary leptons, connected with the lepton charge nonconservation, are the same, and by performing the joint analysis of the experimental data on neutrino oscillations and experimental restriction for the probability of the decay μ^- → e^- + γ per unit time, the following estimate for the lower bound of neutrino mass has been obtained: .

The spin structure of the process γγ → e⁺e^- is theoretically investigated. It is shown that, if the primary photons are unpolarized, the final electron and positron are unpolarized as well but their spins are strongly correlated. For the final (e⁺e^-) system, explicit expressions for the components of the correlation tensor are derived, and the relative fractions of singlet and triplet states are found. It is demonstrated that in the process γγ → e⁺e^- one of the Bell-type incoherence inequalities for the correlation tensor components is always violated and, thus, spin correlations of the electron and positron in this process have the strongly pronounced quantum character. Analogous consideration can be wholly applied as well to the two-photon processes γγ → μ⁺μ^- and γγ → τ⁺τ^-, which become possible at considerably higher energies.

For the first time accurate measurements of electron and positron fluxes in the energy range 0.2÷10 GeV have been performed with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) at altitudes of 370÷390 km in the geographic latitude interval ±51.7°. We focused on the under-cutoff lepton fluxes inside the region of the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA), defined as region where the local magnetic field B < 0.26 G.

A clear transition region from stably-trapped flux typical of the Inner Van Allen Belts to quasi-trapped flux typical underneath the Van Allen Belts is observed in the SAA up to energies O(Gev).

The observations strongly support positrons abundance in the Inner Van Allen Belts, both in the stably trapped component and in the quasi-trapped one.

The flux maps as a function of the canonical adiabatic variables L, α₀ are presented for the interval 0.95 < L < 3, 0°< α₀ < 90° for electrons (E<10 GeV) and positrons (E<3 GeV). The results are compared with existing data at lower energies.

A search for excited neutrinos, the analysis of multi-lepton final states, a search for doubly charged Higgs production and a general search for high-P_T phenomena at HERA are reported. The searches use data samples of e^±p collisions with a centre-of-mass energy collected by the H1 and ZEUS experiments at HERA in the years 1994-2005 with integrated luminosities up to . Overall no significant deviations of the experimental observations from the Standard Model (SM) expectation are found.

The charged lepton flavor violating decays are expected to be a direct indication of new physics. Recent results of searches for lepton flavor violating decays of τ-lepton with the B-factories' huge data samples are reported.

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Pulsars as Particle Accelerators

• Propagation of Cosmic Ray leptons

• Modelling the Contribution of Pulsars to the local Cosmic Ray Lepton Spectrum

• Experimental Discrimination between Dark Matter and Pulsar origin

• Summary

• References