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Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic disorders in which high blood sugar levels occur over a prolonged period. Approximately 4% of the global population is affected by DM. Western medical treatment methods for diabetes including injection or oral hypoglycemic drugs have some toxic or side effects, economic pressures, and so on. Many researchers turn to discover new drugs from natural products or Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Flavonoids are widely distributed in plants, and many studies have shown that flavonoids possess antidiabetic properties, exhibiting not only well-recognized antidiabetic and hypoglycemic activities but also activity in the treatment of diabetic complications. In this review, we systematically summarized anti-diabetic flavonoid compounds based on structure classification by examining the PubMed, Springer Link, Web of Science, and CNKI databases. There are 13 flavonoid compounds listed which have been studied extensively and have antidiabetic features respectively. Apigenin, baicalein, and catechin mainly reduces blood glucose via anti-oxidation; hesperidin is good for diabetic neuropathy; glycyrrhiza flavonoids have a significant effect on gestational DM; quercetin takes advantage of crossing the blood–brain barrier and improving renal function. Some compounds have protective and preventive effects on diabetic complications, such as kaempferol and puerarin which are beneficial to cardiomyopathy; myricetin has therapeutic potential in the treatment of DN; dihydromyricetin might improve CI. It is a pity or might be a pointcut that most studies remain in the animal experimental stage, and further investigation should be carried out.

D-arginine oligomers have been widely used as intracellular delivery vectors both in in vitro and in vivo application. Nevertheless, their internalization pathway is obscure and conflicting results have been obtained concerning their intracellular distribution. In this study, we demonstrate that octa-D-arginine (r₈) undergoes diffuse localization throughout the cytoplasm and nucleus even at low concentrations and that r₈ (r: D-arginine) enters the cells via direct membrane translocation, unlike R₈ (R: L-arginine), of which endocytosis is the major internalization pathway. The observation that R₈ and r₈ enter the cells through two clearly distinct internalization pathways suggests that the backbone stereochemistry affects the uptake mechanism of oligoarginines.

This paper concentrates on the study of the superplastic response of coarse-grained Al-Mg alloys under uniaxial tension at different temperatures (ranging from 400°C to 525°C) and strain rates (10^-2 S^-1, 10^-3 S^-1 & 10^-4 S^-1). The microstructures have been analyzed using optical (OM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It has been observed that continuous re-crystallization occurs during hot deformation of the alloy at the temperature of 425°C and strain rate of 10^-2S^-1. At the temperature of 425°C and strain rate of 3.78×10^-3S^-1, this Al-Mg alloy has the maximum elongation to failure of 181%, which is sufficient for manufacturing of extremely complex shapes using superplastic forming technology. The constant strain rate sensitivity index m and TEM observations show that in this case deformation mechanism involved is dislocation glide. Recrystallization during the hot tension greatly enhanced the plasticity of the coarse-grained material at a strain rate of about 10^-2S^-1 and the maximum elongation changes as a function of the strain rate.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the clinical effects and underlying mechanisms of Hu’s AnGeng Decoction combined with Femostom in treating menopausal syndrome (MD) associated with Kidney Yin deficiency and disharmony between the heart and kidney, to provide a safe and effective therapeutic option. METHODS: A total of 324 menopausal participants were randomly allocated into three groups: An experimental group receiving Hu’s AnGeng Decoction combined with Femostom (1/10mg) ($n=108$), control group 1 receiving only Hu’s AnGeng Decoction ($n=108$), and control group 2 receiving Femostom (1/10mg) only ($n=103$). Using the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP), TCM-ID, and GeneCards, we retrieved the active ingredients and target proteins of Hu’s AnGeng Decoction along with MD-related targets. A protein–protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed, followed by gene ontology (GO) function enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis. RESULTS: The experimental group exhibited significantly better scores in the Modified Kupperman Index (mKI), Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH), and estrogen (E2) levels compared to both control group 1 and control group 2. A total of 119 targets related to Hu’s AnGeng Decoction were identified, along with 17 genes associated with MD, and three common targets were determined through Venny 2.1 analysis. The PPI network highlighted three key targets through topological analysis. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses indicated multiple disease-relevant pathways. Conclusion: Hu’s AnGeng Decoction significantly alleviates MD, likely through active components such as quercetin, beta-sitosterol, naringenin, and beta-carotene, which may exert therapeutic effects by modulating key targets such as estrogen receptor 2 (ESR2), CYP1B1, and AR. This study identified 119 drug target genes and 17 target genes related to menopausal symptoms, illustrating the integrative therapeutic potential of Hu’s AnGeng Decoction.