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This paper investigates the effects of radiation, internal heat source and magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) on the mixed convective boundary layer flow of a Casson nanofluid within a porous medium that is saturated and subject to an exponentially stretching sheet. The nanofluid model incorporates Brownian motion and thermophoresis, and the Darcy model is employed for the porous medium. By applying an appropriate similarity transformation, the nonlinear governing boundary layer equations are converted into a set of nonlinear coupled ordinary differential equations. These equations are then solved numerically using the Hermite wavelet method, with simulations conducted through the MATHEMATICA programming language. The analysis covers various aspects including temperature distribution, velocity, solute concentration and several engineering parameters such as skin friction coefficients, the Nusselt number (rate of heat transfer) and the Sherwood number (rate of mass transfer), all evaluated based on dimensionless physical parameters. The results indicate that elevated radiation intensifies temperatures and leads to thicker thermal boundary layers. As the Casson parameter increases, both the velocity and the momentum boundary layer become narrower. Additionally, a more pronounced chemical reaction rate reduces the thickness of the solutal boundary layer. The accuracy and reliability of the numerical Hermite wavelet method are validated through a comparative analysis with previous studies, demonstrating excellent concordance and confirming the robustness of the computational approach.

We present a theoretical model for explaining the enhancement in the effective thermal conductivity of nanotubes (cylindrical shape particles) for use in nanotube-in-fluid suspensions. Our theoretical model shows that the effective thermal conductivity is decreased with cylindrical nanoparticle diameter, which agrees with experimental results. We also show that with the decrease of nanotube diameter, the thermal conductivity increases if the thickness of nanolayers increases. We provide a good estimation for the nanolayer's thickness which plays an important role in increasing the thermal conductivity.

Nanofluids are suspensions of metallic or nonmetallic nanopowders in base liquid and can be employed to increase heat transfer rate in various applications. In this work turbulent flow forced convection heat transfer of Al₂O₃-water nanofluid inside an annular tube with variable wall temperature was investigated experimentally. The Nusselt numbers of nanofluid were obtained for various heat flux, Reynolds numbers and nanoparticle concentrations at atmospheric pressure. The addition of nanoparticle in water enhances heat transfer coefficient and enhancement increases with increase in the nanoparticle concentration, heat flux and flow rate. Experimental results emphasize the enhancement of heat transfer due to the nanoparticle presence in the fluid.

Rayleigh–Bénard convection in a horizontal layer of nanofluid in the presence of uniform vertical magnetic field is investigated by using Galerkin weighted residuals method. The model used for the nanofluid describes the effects of Brownian motion and thermophoresis. Linear stability theory based upon normal mode analysis is employed to find expressions for Rayleigh number and critical Rayleigh number. The boundaries are considered to be free–free, rigid–rigid and rigid–free. The influence of magnetic field on the stability is investigated and it is found that magnetic field stabilizes the fluid layer. It is also observed that the system is more stable in the case of rigid–rigid boundaries and least stable in case of free–free boundaries. The expression for Rayleigh number for oscillatory convection has also been derived for free–free boundaries.

Copper sulfate pentahydrate was used as a source of Cu ion with five different molarities (0.02, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 2 and 0.25M). XRD, FE-SEM and TEM techniques all showed that CuO samples have polycrystalline monoclinic structure. CuO prolate spheroid is assembled from nanoparticles as building units. It was demonstrated that the purity, morphology, size range of prolate spheroid and density of nano building units are significantly influenced by Cu precursor’s molarity. The pure phase of CuO prolate spheroid was produced via molarity of 0.2M with crystallite size of 15.1565nm while the particle size of building units ranges from 16nm to 21nm. The stability of CuO nanosuspension or nanofluid was evaluated by zeta potential analysis. The obtained properties of specific structure with large surface area of CuO prolate spheroid make it a promising candidate for wide range of potential applications as in nanofluids for cooling purposes.

Heat exchanger plays an essential part in industrial sector in transferring the heat energy. Heat is exchanged between fluids in convection and conduction mode through the walls of the heat exchanger. If the heat transfer medium has low thermal conductivity, it will greatly limit the efficiency of the heat exchanger. Whenever the system acts subjected to an increase in the heat load, heat fluxes caused by more power and smaller size, cooling is one of the technical challenges faced by the industries. The objective of this research work is to evaluate the overall heat transfer coefficient through an experimental analysis on the convective heat transfer and flow characteristics of a nanofluid. In our experiment, the nanofluid consists of water and one percentage volume concentration of Al₂O₃-water nanofluid flowing through parallel and counter flow in shell and tube heat exchangers. About 50nm diameter of Al₂O₃ nanoparticles was used in this analysis and found that the overall heat transfer coefficient and convective heat transfer coefficient of nanofluid were slightly higher than those of the base liquid at same mass flow rate and inlet temperature. Here, there are three samples of dissimilar mass flow rates, which have been identified for conducting the experiments and their results are continuously monitored and reported. Finally, the observed results through an experimental investigation were presented and concluded that the enhancement of overall heat transfer coefficient is likely to be feasible by means of increasing the mass flow rate of base fluid and prepared nanofluid on the proportional basis.

In this experimental study, exergy efficiencies of water and SiC$+$water nanofluid, prepared from 50nm particle size and 1% of volume fraction were compared based on the effect of thermal conductivities by a dish reflector receiver system. The average temperature difference between the receiver walls and heat transfer fluids have been studied to understand the thermal performance of the system with respect to the important properties of thermal conductivities and specific heat capacities. The enhanced thermal conductivity of 0.800115W/mK with the $K_{\mathrm{\text{eff}}}$/$K_b$ ratio of 1.1759 was determined by the Koo and Kleinstreuer correlation which is considering both the Maxwell correlation and Brownian motion. The attained higher average exergy efficiencies for water and SiC$+$water nanofluid are 21.08% and 37.06.%, respectively with the enhanced nanofluid exergy efficiency of 75.80% than that of water at the flow rate of 0.5lpm. The result also shows that the system with SiC$+$water nanofluid produced higher exergy efficiency, because the rates of energy and exergy carried by the nanofluid are 0.2378kW and 0.7593kW higher than that of water for all the flow rates except at 0.2lpm, due to the enhanced thermal conductivity of the nanofluid.

An exact analysis is carried out to study the radiation effects on an unsteady natural convective flow of a nanofluid past an impulsively started infinite vertical plate. The nanofluids containing nanoparticles of aluminium oxide, copper, titanium oxide and silver with nanoparticle volume fraction range less than or equal to 0.04 are considered. The partial differential equations governing the flow are solved by Laplace transform technique. The influence of various parameters on velocity and temperature profiles, as well as Nusselt number and skin-friction coefficient, are examined and presented graphically. An increase in radiation parameter and time leads to fall in temperature of the fluid. The presence of nanoparticles and thermal radiation increases the rate of heat transfer and skin friction. The effect of heat transfer is found to be more pronounced in silver water nanofluid than in the other nanofluids. It is observed that the fluid velocity increases with an increase in Grashof number and time. Excellent validation of the present results is achieved with existing results in the literature.

The objective of this research is to explore the potential of utilizing renewable energy ships (RES) as a sustainable alternative and reducing the need for marine diesel oil (MDO) within the shipping industry. This work concentrates on increasing the thermal performance in RES via the utilization of nanofluids (NFs) that contain a mixture of the base water fluid and titanium dioxide (TiO${}_2)$ nanoparticles. Furthermore, the implementation of the entropy generation minimization and Eyring–Powell fluid model in parabolic trough solar collectors is employed for RES. Moreover, the results indicate that the SFC and LNN supplements resulted in an increase of approximately 1.03% and 0.04% for the SBES, which can be attributed to the greater concentration of the titania nanoparticles. Meanwhile, for the case of USBES, the enhancement was observed up to 1.38% and 0.31%, respectively. Also, the solar radiation parameter played an important role in enhancing the LNN, resulting in an increase of approximately 5.93% and 4.35% for SBES and USBES respectively. This paper provides vital contributions to the sector of sustainable transportation by giving valuable information on the construction and improvement of thermal solar energy technologies.