Narrow Results

This paper aims to study the convective heat transfer behavior of aqueous suspensions of nanoparticles flowing through a horizontal tube heated under constant heat flux condition. Consideration is given to the effects of particle concentration and Reynolds number on heat transfer enhancement and the possibility of nanofluids as the working fluid in various heat exchangers. It is found that (i) significant enhancement of heat transfer performance due to suspension of nanoparticles in the circular tube flow is observed in comparison with pure water as the working fluid, (ii) enhancement is intensified with an increase in the Reynolds number and the nanoparticles concentration, and (iii) substantial amplification of heat transfer performance is not attributed purely to the enhancement of thermal conductivity due to suspension of nanoparticles.

This study outlines a drug delivery mechanism that utilizes two independent vehicles, allowing for delivery of chemically and physically distinct agents. The mechanism was utilized to deliver a new anti-cancer combination therapy consisting of piperlongumine (PL) and TRAIL to treat PC3 prostate cancer and HCT116 colon cancer cells. PL, a small-molecule hydrophobic drug, was encapsulated in poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles. TRAIL was chemically conjugated to the surface of liposomes. PL was first administered to sensitize cancer cells to the effects of TRAIL. PC3 and HCT116 cells had lower survival rates in vitro after receiving the dual nanoparticle therapy compared to each agent individually. In vivo testing involved a subcutaneous mouse xenograft model using NOD-SCID gamma mice and HCT116 cells. Two treatment cycles were administered over 48 hours. Higher apoptotic rates were observed for HCT116 tumor cells that received the dual nanoparticle therapy compared to individual stages of the nanoparticle therapy alone.

Internal combustion (IC) engines are a major contributor to the total particulate emissions inventory, especially in urban areas. Recent epidemiological studies suggesting links between fine particles and negative health effects have sparked an increased interest in this subject. While particulate emissions from IC engines have been the focus of research for many years, a great deal of information crucial to our understanding of this subject still remains unknown. In this paper the authors address some of these unknowns, focusing primarily on the process and consequences of aerosol dilution strategy. The thermodynamics of dilution are considered, and the inadequacy of conventional constant-volume sampling dilution tunnels for ultrafine particle characterization are demonstrated using experimental data. Finally, time-resolved data demonstrating the variation in concentration of pollutants in a vehicle moving in traffic are used as an example of the difficulties in setting legislation aimed at controlling exposure to ultrafine particles.