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One-dimensional cellular automata are known to be able to present complex behaviors. In some cases, their evolution may be understood as movings, collisions, or creations of particles. In the case of the special Wolfram's rule 54, Boccara has previously pointed out basic particles. In this paper, we introduce a group which allows the formal study of interactions between these particles. Coming back to the complexity of rule 54 and using the new algebraic classification of Rapaport, we prove that rule 54 is not simple.