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As medical countermeasures are usually not immediately available during pandemics, non-pharmaceutical measures are important and often the only options available to governments before the arrival of pharmaceutical interventions. This chapter provides an overview of containment measures historically and typically used in pandemic outbreak of respiratory diseases and in the context of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) up until August 2021, summarizes the evidence on their effectiveness and efficiency, and considerations and impact from their deployment.