Narrow Results

A review is presented of recent results in QCD from the H1 and ZEUS experiments at HERA, emphasizing the use of higher order calculations to describe the data.

The static properties of protons are useful for understanding the quark structure of the proton. In his work we have introduced the hypercentral constituent quark model and isospin dependent potentials. Here constituent quarks interact with each other via a potential in which we have taken into account the three-body force effect and the standard two-body potential contributions. According to our model the static properties of protons containing u and d quarks are better than the other models and closer to experimental results. The two key ingredients of this improvement are the effective quark–gluon hypercentral potentials, and hyperfine interaction and isospin dependence potential. Recently, Schrödinger equation has been solved by Giannini but we have solved the Dirac equation exact analytically and we have shown that a considerable improvement in the description of the static properties of proton is obtained with an isospin dependent potential and the complete interaction including spin and isospin terms reproduces the position of the quark.

I review lattice QCD calculations of the strong coupling and quark masses.

The octonion algebra is analyzed using a formalism that demonstrates its use in color quark confinement. In this study, we attempt to write a connection between octonion algebra and SU(3)${}_c$ group generators, as well as color quarks representation. We demonstrated the glueballs construction in the extended octonionic color field and also proposed the prerequisite for octonion color confinement of hadrons.