Narrow Results

A new classification of the fundamental particles based upon the use of only three additive quantum numbers (charge, particle number, generation quantum number) compared with the nine additive quantum numbers of the Standard Model (charge, lepton number, muon lepton number, tau lepton number, baryon number, strangeness, charm, bottomness, topness) is presented. This classification provides a new basis for the weak isospin symmetry characteristic of both leptons and quarks.

The relation between strong isospin I and weak isospin i is discussed. In particular an equation between the third components I₃ and i₃ is given. This relation indicates that the strong isospin and weak isospin symmetries are both SU(2) subgroups of a new SU(3) symmetry underlying the structure of leptons and quarks.

The different interpretations of quark mixing involved in weak interaction processes in the Standard Model and the Generation Model are discussed with a view to obtaining a physical understanding of the Cabibbo angle and related quantities. It is proposed that hadrons are composed of mixed-quark states, with the quark mixing parameters being determined by the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix elements. In this model, protons and neutrons contain a contribution of about 5% and 10%, respectively, of strange valency quarks.

Glueballs are particles whose valence degrees of freedom are gluons and therefore in their description the gauge field plays a dominant role. We review recent results in the physics of glueballs with the aim set on phenomenology and discuss the possibility of finding them in conventional hadronic experiments and in the Quark Gluon Plasma. In order to describe their properties we resort to a variety of theoretical treatments which include, lattice QCD, constituent models, AdS/QCD methods, and QCD sum rules. The review is supposed to be an informed guide to the literature. Therefore, we do not discuss in detail technical developments but refer the reader to the appropriate references.

The origin of mass in the standard model of particle physics is discussed and some difficulties pointed out. An alternative model, the generation model, will be shown to lead to a different concept of mass: the mass of a body arises from the energy stored in the motion of its constituents, so that if a particle has mass, then it is composite. It is suggested that gravity is a residual interaction arising from the incomplete cancellation of the super-strong color interactions, which bind the fundamental constituents (rishons) of leptons and quarks.

A quantum theory of gravity, based upon a composite model of leptons and quarks, is presented. The model treats leptons and quarks as composites of three kinds of spin- particles (rishons) and/or their antiparticles. A strong color force, mediated by massless hypergluons, binds rishons and/or antirishons together to form colorless leptons or colored quarks, the fundamental particles of the Standard Model. The new model provides a qualitative understanding of the mass hierarchy of the three generations of leptons and quarks. An earlier conjecture that the residual interaction of the strong color force acting between any two colorless particles be identified with the corresponding gravitational interaction, is shown to lead approximately to Newton's law of gravitation.

Instead of trying to unify the known structures of forces and particles a space as simple as possible is looked for in which unification can take place. It is shown that a six-dimensional Euclidian space because of the local isomorphism SO(6)/SU(4) is suited. For this space physics is developed finding one force, no gravity, no mass. Assuming that our world is embedded in such a space it is analyzed how 6D-physics will be interpreted by a 4D observer. This transition, based on conservation of action and represented by a nonlinear integral transform, emerges as something like a universal remedy. It shows that the result is our known physics. It gives reason why quantum physics is a probabilistic theory, can explain quarks as transformed 6D symmetry, can deduct our three forces from the one 6D force, can introduce particle mass in the Lagrange density and can implement gravity. The paper presents a structural theory. To achieve quantitative results mathematical problems have to be overcome.

The US Nuclear Science Advisory Committee (NSAC) recently recommended the construction of a high-luminosity, high-energy Electron Ion Collider (EIC), with polarized beams capable of colliding polarized electrons with polarized proton and light ion beams, and with any nucleus. The $\sqrt{s}$ range between 40GeV and 140GeV, and luminosity range from $10^{33-34}{\mathrm{\text{cm}}}^{-2}{\mathrm{\text{s}}}^{-1}$ were recommended. It is anticipated that under the current guidance from the DOE, the collider could become operational in the second half of the 2020’s. This paper summarizes its science and the scope of this over all project.