Narrow Results

All health-related issues exist in a context of extending health expectancy. Behavioral risk factors, diagnostic ”omics,” disparities, insurance, tissue engineering, and climate can shorten life expectancy, but before that, health expectancy. Longer life can bring decades of disability; longer health can mean dying healthy after brief incapacity. Because health precedes other accomplishments, extending average health expectancy into the ninth decade during the $21^{\mathrm{\text{st}}}$ century would have an impact comparable to doubling life expectancy in the $20^{\mathrm{\text{th}}}$ century.