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X-ray scattering techniques were used to study the effects of heating on whole eye lens and α-crystallin gels. The temperature range used was from 20 to 70°C. The position of single X-ray reflection seen in whole lens was unchanged in the temperature range 20 to 45°C, with a continuous spacing of 152 Å. However, at 50°C the spacing increased from 152 Å to 165 Å. An interpretation of these results is that in eye lens, α-crystallin is protecting other lens proteins from super-aggregation up to 50°C. In α-crystallin gels a moderate increase in both the spacing and intensity of the reflection was observed from 20 to 45°C, followed by a dramatic increase from 45 to 70°C. Over the whole temperature range the spacing changed from 138 Å at 70°C to 195 Å at 70°. After eleven hours of cooling, this effect was found to be irreversible.

Mathematical modeling has proven to be a viable alternative for investigating the temperature distribution inside the human eye. This is due to its ability to overcome the limitations infrared (IR) thermography; the leading method in ocular temperature measurement. A wide range of mathematical studies on the ocular temperature distribution during various conditions have been published in the literature. In this paper, we carry out an in-depth review of the various mathematical models of the eye that have been developed in the past. Various problems and the implications from the mathematical predictions of these studies are discussed. The future directions of studies in ocular temperature distribution are deliberated.

The temperature of body fluids is expected to affect tissues mechanical properties, including respiratory system tissues. This is because of the changes in airway smooth muscle tone and contractile properties, influencing airway frictional resistance to airflow, and because of the temperature effects on the stress–strain relationships of elastin and collagen, which determinates the elastic behavior of the lungs as reflected by their pressure–volume relationship. Alveolar surfactant biological and physical properties have also been shown to be affected by temperature changes, suggesting influences on the respiratory system hysteretic properties.

Experimental works describing the effects of body temperature variations on respiratory mechanics are reviewed, including recent findings dealing with investigations on respiratory mechanics carried out by the end-inflation occlusion method in the rat. This method allows to determine, together with the elastance of the respiratory system, its resistive properties too. In particular, both the ohmic airway resistance due to frictional forces in the airway and the additional visco-elastic resistance exerted because of tissues stress-relaxation may be quantified.

The effects of body temperature variations were assessed, and experimentally induced temperature increments and/or decrements allowed to conclude that respiratory system tissues stiffness, both the ohmic and the stress-relaxation linked resistances, and the hysteretic behavior of the respiratory system, decrease with temperature increments. The mechanisms responsible for these effects are analyzed.

In this study, the bone screwing process carried out with M3.5 cortex screw for stabilization after reduction of femur shaft fracture was investigated both experimentally and numerically. The numerical analyses were performed based on the finite element method using Deform-3D software. The friction, material model, the loading and boundary conditions were exactly identified for finite element analyses. An analytic model and software were developed, which calculate the process parameters such as screwing power and thrust power, heat transfer coefficients in order to determine the temperature distributions occurring in the screw and bone material (sawbones) during screwing process. As a result, the screwing moment and thrust force values decrease with increase of spindle speed. On the contrary, temperature values of screw and sawbones increase with increase of spindle speed. A good consistency between the results obtained from both experimental and numerical simulations was found during the bone screwing process.

Antibiotic-impregnated poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) bone cement has been successfully used to treat infected joint arthroplasties and surgeons have advocated the use of antibiotic-treated bone cement to prevent possible infections in joint replacement surgeries. However, there is a concern that this addition may adversely affect the mechanical properties of the bone cement. In most cases, the addition of antibiotics to bone cement has been reported to lower its mechanical strength. The uniaxial, biaxial and three/four point bending tests of antibiotic-impregnated bone cement have been extensively performed and well documented. However, only a few documents have focused on the impact strength of bone cement. The present study reports the impact tests of control and antibiotic loaded bone cements at different temperatures and aging conditions. According to the results, the addition of gentamicin or vancomycin significantly reduced the samples' impact strength. Moreover, the samples aged in saline at 23${}^{\circ }$C were more resistant than the samples aged in air at 23${}^{\circ }$C. Furthermore, raising the storage temperature from 23${}^{\circ }$C to 37${}^{\circ }$C significantly lowered the bone cement's impact strength in both control and antibiotic loaded samples.

Bone drilling is a common procedure in Medicine, mainly in traumatology and orthopedic procedure for fractures fixation and in reconstructive surgery. The success of this surgical procedure is dependent on many factors, namely, on heat generation control during the bone drilling. The main concern in bone drilling is the mechanical and thermal damage of the bone induced by inappropriate parameters such as drill speed and feed-rate during the drilling. This study focuses on the temperature generated during drilling of cortical bone tissue (bovine origin) and solid rigid polyurethane foams with similar mechanical properties to the human bone tissue. Different parameters such as drill speed, feed-rate and hole depth were tested. All results showed that improvement of the drilling parameters and the drill temperatures can be estimated. It was concluded that when the drill speed and feed-rate were higher, the bone temperature increase was lower. The obtained results of temperature in the drilling process of polyurethane foam blocks or bovine bone were compared with a good agreement in between both.