Soft Multihadron Dynamics

The following sections are included:

• Preface

• Contents

The following sections are included:

• Introduction and synopsis

• Preliminaries
  • DIS kinematics and cross sections
  • Regge formalism
    • Total and elastic cross sections
    • Triple-Regge parametrization of the reaction a + b → c + X
    • Problems

• Data on total and elastic cross sections
  • Energy dependence of hadronic total cross sections
  • The γ*p total cross section at HERA
    • Energy dependence
  • Parton densities and the gluon
    • Perturbative QCD fits based on DGLAP evolution
    • Breakdown of the pQCD DGLAP formalism
    • Self-similar structure of the proton?
  • Elastic scattering
    • Hadron-hadron interactions
    • Real- and virtual-photon quasi-elastic scattering
    • Shrinkage
    • Longitudinal and transverse photons
    • Brief summary

• Inelastic diffraction
  • Experimental signatures
  • Hadron-hadron inelastic diffraction
  • Inclusive diffraction at HERA
    • Cross section measurements
    • Next-to-leading order DGLAP fits
    • The forward diffractive peak
  • Hard diffraction at the Tevatron
    • Single diffraction, double diffraction and double pomeron exchange
    • Factorization breaking

• A generic picture of high energy collisions
  • Unitarity
  • Elastic diffraction and shrinkage
  • Inelastic diffraction as a regeneration process
  • Ioffe time
  • The Gribov-Feynman parton model
    • Shrinkage
    • Rise of the total cross section and α_ℙ(0)
    • Total cross sections, diffraction and wee-parton multiplicity

• Models for diffraction
  • Diffraction and partons: the Miettinen and Pumplin model
  • Modern QCD models of diffraction
    • The dipole saturation model
    • The soft color interaction model

• Summary

• Bibliography

The following sections are included:

• General scheme

• Inclusive LPS analysis and its variables
  • Longitudinal and transverse momenta
  • The Feynman variable x
  • Longitudinal rapidities
  • The variable ξ

• Exclusive LPS analysis and its variables
  • Definitions
  • Phase-space effects
  • Kinematics

• Deviations from longitudinal phase space (event shape)
  • The variables
  • e⁺e^- collisions
    • Event shape at fixed energy
    • Energy dependence of the event shape
  • Lepton-hadron collisions
  • Hadron-hadron collisions

• Bibliography

The following sections are included:

• Shape and energy dependence

• Correlation between transverse and longitudinal variables

• The prism plot

• Isospin analysis

• Partial wave analysis

• Analytical multichannel analysis

• Conclusions

• Bibliography

The following sections are included:

• e⁺e^- collisions
  • Longitudinal, transverse and asymmetry fragmentation functions
  • Leading-particle effect
  • Charge ordering
  • The humpbacked shape
  • The energy evolution of the peak position
  • The higher moments
  • The mass dependence of the fragmentation function
  • Quark- and gluon-jet differences
  • Hadronic production rates

• Lepton-hadron collisions

• (Early) observations in hadron-hadron collisions
  • Single-particle (and resonance) inclusive spectra
    • Feynman-x and rapidity
    • Transverse momentum distribution
    • Differences between quark and gluon jets
    • Resonances
  • Particle yields
    • Resonance dominance
    • Strangeness suppression
    • Feynman-x and rapidity dependence
  • Reflection of the valence quark distribution
  • Jet universality
    • The event shape
    • The p_T development
    • The sea gull
    • Charge and energy flow

• Conclusions

• Bibliography

The following sections are included:

• Additive quark model and quark combinatorics
  • The central region
  • The fragmentation region

• Quark counting rules and perturbative QCD-based approach
  • Hard processes
  • Soft processes
  • Perturbative QCD diagrams

• The quark recombination model
  • The idea
  • Detailed modelling
  • Specific choices of structure and recombination functions
  • The valon model
  • Two-particle distributions
  • Suppression of valence recombination
  • The fusion model
  • Hyperon polarization

• Conclusions

• Bibliography

The following sections are included:

• Fragmentation models for e⁺e^- collisions
  • The perturbative phase
    • The matrix-element method
    • Parton showering
  • The hadronization or fragmentation phase
    • Local parton-hadron duality
    • Independent fragmentation (IF)
    • String fragmentation (SF)
    • Cluster Fragmentation (CF)

• Deep inelastic collisions

• Soft hadron-hadron collisions
  • The Lund fragmentation scheme
    • The quark fragmentation model
    • The Lund low-p_T model
  • Dual Parton Models (DPM)
    • The basic scheme
    • The structure functions
    • The rapidity density
    • Particle multiplicities and multi-chain contributions
    • Dual cascade-type models
    • The Quark-Gluon-String Model
    • Monte-Carlo implementations
  • The FRITIOF model
  • A first comparison of Lund, FRITIOF and DPM
  • QFM versus QRM? - Unification Efforts
  • Parton-based Gribov-Regge theory
  • Geometrical branching and ECCO

• Conclusions

• Bibliography

The following sections are included:

• Definitions and notation
  • Exclusive and inclusive densities
  • Cumulant correlation functions
  • Correlations for particles of different species
  • Semi-inclusive correlation functions
  • Factorial and cumulant moments
  • Combinants
  • Cell-averaged factorial moments and cumulants; generalized moments
  • Multivariate distributions

• Poisson-noise suppression

• Sum-rules

• Scaling laws

• Bunching-parameter approach

• The wavelet transform

• Lévy stable distributions

• Bibliography

The following sections are included:

• Full phase space
  • Average multiplicity and its energy dependence
    • Early results
    • More recent results
    • Heavy-quark contribution
    • Gluon jets versus quark jets
    • Coherence of gluon radiation
  • The shape of the multiplicity distribution and its energy dependence
    • The negative-binomial parametrization
    • Energy dependence (KNO scaling, NO scaling or log-KNO scaling?)
  • Higher moments

• Limited phase-space domains
  • Shape and energy dependence
  • Negative-binomial fits
  • Interpretation
    • Geometrical models
    • (Partial) stimulated emission
    • Pure cascading
    • Correlation of positives and negatives
    • How good is it, the negative binomial?
  • Beyond the negative binomial
    • The "modified" negative binomial
    • The (shifted) log-normal distribution
    • The "generalized" negative binomial or HNBD
    • The generalized Glauber-Lachs, generalized Laguerre or partially coherent laser distribution
    • Parton branching
    • The generalized gamma or Krasznovszky-Wagner approximation
    • Neutral clusters
    • Comparison

• Information-entropy scaling

• Rapidity gap probability

• Forward-backward correlations

• Conclusions

• Bibliography

The following sections are included:

• Rapidity correlations
  • Correlations in hadron-hadron collisions
  • Correlations in e⁺e^- and μ⁺p-collisions
  • Quantum number dependence
  • Charged-particle multiplicity dependence
  • Transverse momentum dependence

• Azimuthal correlations

• Angular correlations on the parton level

• Correlations in invariant mass

• Three-particle rapidity correlations

• Summary and conclusions

• Bibliography

The following sections are included:

• Prelude

• Normalized factorial moments
  • The method
  • Results on log-log plots (in one dimension)
  • Model predictions
    • Hadron-hadron collisions
    • hA and AA collisions
    • Lepton-hadron collisions
    • e⁺e^- annihilation
  • A warning

• Higher dimensions
  • The projection effect
  • Transformed momentum space
  • A generalized power law
  • Thermal versus non-thermal phase transition
    • Second-order phase transition?
    • Non-thermal phase transition?
  • Self-affinity

• Dependences of the intermittency effect
  • Charge dependence
  • Rapidity dependence
  • Transverse-momentum dependence
  • Dependence on jet topology
  • Energy and multiplicity (density) dependence

• Factorial cumulants

• Factorial correlators
  • The method
  • Results
  • Interpretation

• Multifractal behavior
  • Factorial moments of continuous order
  • Experimental results
  • Bunching parameters

• Density and correlation strip-integrals
  • The method
  • Results
  • Genuine higher-order correlations
  • Transverse-momentum and multiplicity dependence (revisited)
  • Bose-Einstein correlations versus QCD effects

• Analytical QCD predictions
  • The QCD framework
  • Two-particle angular correlations
  • Fluctuations in one- and two-dimensional angular regions
  • In (transverse-)momentum cut phase space

• Individual Events
  • Single-event intermittency
  • Erraticity
  • Void analysis
  • Entropy

• Lévy stable distributions

• Summary and conclusions

• Bibliography

The following sections are included:

• Pion interferometry
  • The Lorentz invariant (Goldhaber) form
  • The Kopylov-Podgoretskiǐ parametrization
  • Emission function and Wigner function
  • String models
  • The strength parameter λ
  • The reference sample
  • Coulomb correction

• (Early) results in one dimension
  • Dependence on energy and type of collision
  • The multiplicity (or density) dependence
  • Four types of Monte-Carlo implementation
  • Conclusions so far

• Other bosons and fermions
  • The π⁰π⁰ system
  • The K^±K^± system
  • The system
  • Λ⁰Λ⁰
  • pp and
  • (Transverse) mass dependence of the radius parameter
  • Conclusions so far

• Higher-order Bose-Einstein correlations
  • The formalism
  • Experimental results
    • The normalized higher-order densities
    • The q-dependence of the radius parameter r
  • Genuine three-particle correlations
  • Summary

• The functional form of the correlation

• Multi-dimensional parametrization and shape of the source
  • Directional dependence
  • The Bertsch-Pratt Cartesian parametrization
  • The generalized Yano-Koonin-Podgoretskiǐ scheme
  • The Buda-Lund parametrization
  • Longitudinal expansion and decoupling time
  • Duration of pion emission
  • The transverse flow
  • The decoupling volume
  • Examples of models and parametrizations
  • Combined analysis of two-particle correlations and single-particle spectra
    • The formalism
    • The results
    • The transverse direction
    • Combination with two-particle correlations
    • The space-time distribution of π emission
  • Azimuthally sensitive analysis

• WW overlap

• Modification of multiplicity and single-particle spectra
  • Density matrix formalism
  • Independent particle emission
    • Multiplicity distributions from independent emission
    • Particle distributions
  • The case of a Gaussian density matrix
    • The multiplicity distribution
    • Particle Spectra
  • Charge ratios

• Conclusions

• Bibliography

The following sections are included:

• Index

• Figure Credits